Pros and cons of horse racing Essay

Pony dashing is an adrenaline filled game for all the members. It is a brief, activity pressed, moonlight trip. The game has expanded in fame in the course of recent years, because of the requirement for a surge, and is proceeding to rise. Because of this huge convergence in size the measure of cash the business is adding to the administration is enormous. The business has additionally needed to enlist a huge number of individuals to help do the activity of keeping the business as systematic as could be expected under the circumstances. The growth of the pony hustling industry has likewise made the stakes for cash in the triumphant an a lot greater arrangement for proprietors which implies they will do most anything to win. This remembers the utilization of unlawful medications for the ponies and numerous different types of cheating. At the point when the prize cash raises so does the requirement for whatever number winning ponies as would be prudent for horse proprietors in the busi ness. The requirement for ponies has prompted a serious measure of over rearing of pure breeds. The measure of cash added to the United States government by the pony hustling industry is an inconceivable sum. On normal the game produces 38.8 billion dollars, of which an astounding $1.88 billion is made good on in yearly charges. That measure of cash just goes to the United States. Around the globe, nations make on normal 40.2 billion. For example, in Europe, horse hustling is a generally known occasion and is convention to take part in. they make on normal about 45.3 billion United States dollars in the pony hustling industry. At that point, when talking into account supplies and workers, they produce around 101.6 billion us dollars. Governments around the world advantage exceptionally from the business and pony hustling being restricted could drastically affect whole populaces from absence of cash. Pony hustling being prohibited could likewise cost a huge number of individuals arou nd the world their employments and organizations. As indicated by an ongoing work survey over 4.6 million individuals are engaged with the pony business somehow or another, either as proprietors, representatives, specialist organizations or volunteers. This incorporates 2 million pony proprietors, of which 238,000 are associated with reproducing. With regards to contending, for example, the racers and handlers, 481,000 individuals are included. When taking a gander at the measure of individuals associated with different exercises, for example, grooms, veterinarians, and overseers, 1.1 million included. 119,000 specialist organizations and 702,000 representatives, full-and low maintenance and 2 million relatives and volunteers. That implies that 1 out of each 63 Americans is associated with ponies. A significant number of these occupations are held by lower-pay families. This could be awful when taking into accountâ all the individuals who rely upon the cash they make from this business. Prohibiting the pony hustling industry could influence the neighborhoods them severely. The consequences of the one investigation done by understudies at the University of Louisville show that the pony business is an exceptionally various industry that bolsters a wide assortment of exercises in all locales of the nation. It consolidates the essentially rustic exercises of reproducing, preparing, keeping up and riding ponies with the more urban exercises of working circuits, off course wagering parlors, horse shows and open deals. Generally when individuals go to watch a race they need to eat or go through their recently eared cash in the expertly positioned, over estimated cafés and shops. These strip shopping center shops gain cash and business from these enthused customers. On the off chanc e that there is no race track, these shops and independent companies could have a plunge in deals and be closed down for absence of capacity to pay. Moreover, the volume of customers that are headed to the circuits every year make a requirement for extra clinical consideration, instruction for youngsters and groups of track staff, just as the nearby colleges. Having the race tracks expelled could bring down business salary for emergency clinics and schools just as colleges. The United States alone creates 3 billion from horse hustling and the travel industry. More than 67 percent of action just as betting cash originate from visitors proceeding to pay at the race track. As a wellspring of amusement just as having food settings and shopping zones round the premises of the track, it is a perfect problem area for voyagers to go through their cash; regardless of whether it be on food, betting, or shopping. The incomes made my card sharks who are not neighborhood to the region is 785 mil lion dollars. Betting is energizing just as drawing in for the members. For the individuals who appreciate facing challenges, the penchant for chance related with betting might be both reproducing and testing. Likewise, betting on horse dashing permits the member to challenge themselves with foreseeing the potential successes and misfortunes. Speculators from out of the nation are clearly an enormous piece of the pay on the race track. Forbidding dashing could settle on the zone of decision free business all around from not having the enthusiasm of vacationers any more. With regards to wagering on ponies in horse dashing, bettors depend on the precision of the insights on the ponies. The measurements permit the bettors to realize which ponies to wager and bet on. Cheating, for example, the most recent embarrassment called ‘doping’, can influence the dependability if those measurements. Doping and different types of cheating usingâ drugs can hurt the racers and ponies over the long haul. A couple of the top medications utilized in horse dashing are cocaine, blcarbs, anabolic steroids, blue enchantment and courageous woman. Medications, for example, champion and anabolic steroids are ordinarily infused into the lungs of the pony or the heart as to shield them from feeling torment and to hinder the quick rate at which they would generally work to shield them from tiring. This can cause break downs on the track in light of the absence of oxygen entering the circulatory system at such a high pace of physical action. Medications, for example , cocaine blcarbs, and blue enchantment are typically siphoned into the circulation system on included into the grain. What the reason for these are is to give the ponies a jolt of energy that is un regular and these can likewise cause break downs on the track in view of the measure of pressure the pony is putting its body under without staying alert until it is past the point of no return. The type of cheating of which is in drugs is viewed as brutal to the pony. Another type of cheating in the hustling business is toe gets. A toe snatch is a raised edge on the toe region of a horseshoe; its motivation is to help the pony â€Å"dig in† to the track and lessen sliding a lot of like football spikes. In any case, there are expanded weights on the appendages from this more grounded hold on the ground and speedier â€Å"stops† of the feet when they land while typically the foot slides forward a tad on the ground before halting, yet toe gets capture this slide. It’s likewise been proposed that toe snatches add worry to the appendage by raising the toe comparative with the heel. Toe snatches on front feet have been related with expanded frequency of cataclysmic injury in horse dashing. Ponies engaged with hustling are being over reared and this is causing debilitating in the variety and mass butcher of those ponies that don't make the cuts. While over-rearing in the hustling business is the induction of accessibility, inbreeding, and medications are unpreventably interconnected with the hard and merciless act of butcher just like the voracious interest for horse meat for human utilization basically in European and Asian societies. Inbreeding and medications have debilitated the cutting edge Thoroughbred while the pony meat industry stays a worthwhile multi-million dollar endeavor. In excess of 100,000 undesirable ponies are conceived in the U.S. every year. About 83,000 of those ponies are butchered each year just in the United States in view of inappropriate rearing. An ongoing report was done and it indicated that if 1,000 ponies are reproduced for dashing, just 300 will make it to preparing. Of that 300, onlyâ roughly 75 ponies will make it to hustling. Just ar ound 4 ponies will make it to live their subsequent race. Most ponies that are not utilized for dashing are offered to meat and paste plants. Just 12% of ponies are appropriately resigned and either offered to a family for other riding utilizes it resigned to the field. This pointless rearing has caused feeble bones in the pure bloods and ailments went down in blood lines. The debilitating of the variety has stirred a great deal of discussion about whether or not horse dashing should proceed because of this issue. At long last there are the two advantages and disadvantages to whether pony dashing ought to be prohibited. Pony hustling contributes a unimaginable measure of cash worldwide and produces various openings for work just as business in nearby shops. It likewise acquires the travel industry to the track and encompassing territories which can assist extraordinary with managing of cash moreover. Pony hustling likewise has a huge issue with conning that can hurt both the racer and the pony without wanting to. The utilization of unlawful medications and item on the race horses’ pre race can altogether adjust the ponies execution whether for the great or the awful and over the long haul, hurt the pony horrendously. Additionally over reproducing has become a broadly known issue over the globe and is making a mass measure of ponies be sent to bu tcher. Over reproducing has additionally caused a decrease in the security of the variety. Pony hustling the two aides and damages.

Marketing and Product

1. On the Basics: a. We have stated that promoting is actually the vital thought of ‘connectedness’ with clients. From the point of view of your last task organization, recognize and examine how your organization associates with its clients †select from either the promoting idea or the selling idea. Make certain to characterize every idea and be point by point in your reaction. A: Marketing idea holds that accomplishing hierarchical objectives relies upon knowing the requirements and needs of target showcases and conveying the ideal fulfillments better than contenders do. client center and worth are the way to deals and benefits) The showcasing idea is a client focused sense and reacts reasoning. (The activity is to locate the correct items for your clients. ) My task organization Samsung took the promoting idea and interface with its clients. Samsung decides to concern progressively about customers’ require and design items that take care of customersâ€℠¢ issues as opposed to make it and sell it. Before imagining cellphone items it will do a ton of reviews and analysis to discover what issues exist and concerned earnestly in current world.Activities like unconditional present and test with-buy, free encountering and obliging in the wake of selling administration are acceptable methods of finding what client need and requesting criticisms. Not exclusively can these promoting systems gather information and models for its investigation, yet additionally can fabricate a solid relationship with present and potential clients. Other than that Samsung additionally build up an arrangement of reaching with clients, which utilizes mobile phones and email. By messaging and messaging client what new items are and getting some information about them improves items and make items more client orientated. . Alluding to your task organization give an all around created portrayal of your market section and your objective market. I. Recognize the most earnest issue essential for you to enter or ensure your ideal market space. Market Segmentation: Target Customers: Urgent issue: The most earnest issue is to separate this cell phone from other cell phone of different brands by showcasing. There are numerous cell phones in the market and the most serious one is the iphone5 from Apple.These two cell phone have comparative capacity and both have great notoriety in fixing skins. To advertise the serum from Lauder we need to pressure its capacity of giving you the most alluring capacity, for example, Pop up play and Face Zoom which Apple doesn’t have. c. Ultimately, succinctly address every one of the accompanying focal situating questions relating to your undertaking organization/brand: I. What position, assuming any, do you as of now have in the prospect’s mind? Here I show a portion of the serious contributions Full scope of administration in the wake of selling Apple 9. 0 Nokia 7. Motorola7. 5 HTC 7. 0 Sharp6. 5 ZTE6. 0 Quality of item The parts of item ii. What position would you like to claim? With a solid brand advantage and the lush Apple store, Apple presently is as yet the splendor star in people’s mind. Be that as it may, what I will do is to give clients more space to encounter our item when they come to Samsung store . I plan to possess the primary spot. iii. What organizations must be outgunned in the event that you are to set up or keep up that position? From my perspective, Motorola would be the first to be outgunned.The reason is that: 2. On the Marketing Mix: Discuss the qualities and shortcomings of your company’s advertising blend and offer vital suggestions on how the organization should deal with the most copying promoting issue/opportunity affecting the key execution of the ‘mix’. Think about forming your answer in light of the 5Cs Strengths: Lauder has expanded promoting procedures from retailing stores to TV plugs to spas. It present the item in nu merous measurements and gives purchaser a full and noteworthy comprehend of the product.Weakness: Most of Estee Lauder’s retail locations are claimed by the organization. Lauder doesn’t need to help out different retailers so as to keep their picture of top of the line. In any case, showcasing the serum implies you need to exceptionally presented your item to general society and remind them there’s consistently this decision for them and they have simple access to the item. Arrangements: The consuming advertising issue is world doesn't have a solid separated situation from different brands and not noteworthy to cosumers. Right off the bat, we should consider client solution.By propelling promotion crusade in which stress the capacity of the item and rundown includes that different cellphones don’t have, we are really telling purchasers that the additional advantages they can get from picking this cellphone. Other than that we can set up experience relax i n some shopping centers for individuals to give the item a shot just as showing them how to utilize it to accomplish the best impact. Besides, we center around client cost. To certain individuals who have never utilized it they might not have any desire to go through that much cash in attempting another product.So when we are propelling this item we can offer rebate or selling as a bundle to bring down the cost with the goal that progressively potential client will have an attempt. Fourthly, we can advance the correspondence. By building up two-way correspondence can truly fortify the tight with purchasers. Why numerous brands are forgettable is on the grounds that they don’t have a solid association with purchasers. By reaching customers with email and message we can generally uncover them in the data of the items which increment the possibility of them picking the item. 3. On Consumer Buying Behavior: a.Referring to your organization, portray a situation of your regular cli ent utilizing the purchaser choice procedure when considering buying your company’s item/administration. Utilize the language from our readings. I. Consider pulling from your database explore offered in our library workshop to confirm how your clients carry on in your market condition. b. Moreover, from the standards that impact the pace of appropriation, in what zone does your organization/item exceed expectations and what zone does your organization/item expect regard for reinforce the selection procedure? Be point by point in your reaction. . First we have Need Recognition. The purchaser perceives an issue or need of the cellphone by conversing with a companion of viewing a promotion. Second, he will do Information Search. Advertisements are from business sources-constrained by advertisers. He may likewise discover data from individual sources, open sources and experiential sources. By watching promotions or tuning in to the exhortation of a dear companion or attempting th e examples she will get the data about the cellphones. Third, we have Evaluation of Alternatives. He will assess choices with computations and sensible thinking.By mulling over each trait and look at changed cellphones he discovers that cellphones from Samsung will fulfilled his need with the capacities world has. Fourth, he will settle on the Purchase Decision. In the wake of positioning brands and shaping buy aim, he is going to purchase the cellphone. Presently if mentalities of others additionally focuses to getting it and there’s no startling situational factors like declining economy or dropping cost of contenders, he will by the somewhat costly cellphone structure Samsung. To wrap things up there’s Postpurchase Behavior.He will feel either fulfilled or unsatisfied with the galaxy,which is the hole between the desires and the product’s saw execution. b. Exceed expectations Relative favorable position: 4. 8† Super Amoled HD show Pebble blue or marble white Battery: 2,100mAh (remote charging discretionary extra) Camera: 8MP back; 1. 9 MP front S-Beam High speed record move by means of NFC and WiFi Direct, between two telephones contacted together, working at up to 300Mbps. Shrewd Stay The telephone tracks your eyes, so as long as you’re taking a gander at it, the presentation won’t diminish or turn off.What Needs to be STRENGTHEN? the reason for the present market circumstance, the significant brands of cell phone chain, (for example, Suning, Gome, and so forth ) involves a huge market, so we are confronted with extensive weight. As indicated by the market potential, the Guangdong showcase level of utilization examination, shopper gatherings, all things considered, is constrained, so we have a one of a kind support of intrigue potential clients. d out the distinctions. 4. On Branding and the Product Lifecycle: a. Alluding to your organization, distinguish the one significant quality and shortcoming of the brand. i.W hat are your suggestions to fortify the intensity and value of the brand? ii. Recognize at what stage your image falls inside the item lifecycle model. What is required for you to guarantee that the client remains endlessly ‘connected’ to your image? a. Quality: Samsung has adequate reserve for designing so it’s ready to apply innovative into their items, which makes it an offer point to the clients since these days everybody loves new innovation. What’s more, while imagining the item Samsung will have such a significant number of test before they at long last dispatch the item so the item is certainly safe.Weakness:The four-cores illustrations card needs enormous measure of power The external skin is effectively getting old in view of its material I. To expand intensity and value of the brand first we have to consider the brand situating Marketers need to situate the brand unmistakably in the objective customers’ mind. I will situate the brand at t he most significant level which is on solid convictions and qualities. By propelling promotion crusades we convey the idea that the serum structure Estee Lauder is in excess of a serum, it’s a way of life you pick. â€Å"To be fantastic and sound ordinary gives you the certain to confront each challenge. I would likewise build up a strategic the brand and a dream of what the brand must be and do. Through the guarantee the serum convey to purchasers we can emphatically intrigue the purchasers with the highlights, ben

Congratulations to the Winners of the 2016 Breakthrough Junior Challenge

Congratulations to the Winners of the 2016 Breakthrough Junior Challenge Congratulations to Deanna See, 17, and Antonella Masini, 18, winners of the 2016 Breakthrough Junior Challenge. Deanna and Antonella submitted short videos about big ideas to win the international science and math competition. We love their videos and hope you do too!Superbugs! And our race against resistanceDeanna See, 17, SingaporeQuantum EntanglementAntonella Masini, 18, PeruThe Breakthrough Prize honored Deanna and Antonella Sunday at a gala ceremony in Silicon Valley. Each student receives a $250,000 post-secondary scholarship. The science teachers who inspired the winning students receive $50,000. The winners’ schools receive a state-of-the-art science lab valued at $100,000.The Breakthrough Junior Challenge is an annual global competition for students to inspire creative thinking about science and mathematics. Students ages 13 to 18 from countries across the globe are invited to create and submit original videos (five minutes in length maximum) that bring to life a concept o r theory in the life sciences, physics or mathematics. This year 6,000 students from 146 countries entered the competition. The submissions are judged on the student’s ability to communicate complex ideas in engaging, illuminating, and imaginative ways. The Challenge is organized by the Breakthrough Prize Foundation. Khan Academy is a proud partner and helped judge the submissions.The Breakthrough Prize â€" Silicon Valley’s premiere science and math prize â€" honors paradigm-shifting research and discovery in the fields of fundamental physics, life sciences and mathematics. This year, across all categories, the Breakthrough Prize Foundation awards $25 million to honor both outstanding career achievement and emerging talent.A one-hour, edited version of the gala ceremony honoring winners airs on FOX Sunday, Dec. 18, at 7:00-8:00 PM ET/PT and globally on National Geographic in 171 countries and 45 languages. The Breakthrough Prizes were founded by Sergey Brin and Anne Wojcicki, Ma rk Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan, and Yuri and Julia Milner. Selection committees composed of previous Breakthrough Prize laureates choose winners. Additional information on the Breakthrough Prizes is available at breakthroughprize.org.

Frida Kahlo And Andy Warhol Essay - 1406 Words

It is always evident when a person is different from others. They are not a blur amongst a group of people that can easily be looked over, like others. How they are different may be clear by the way they look but maybe their thoughts are what makes them interesting. Someone’s thoughts are difficult to find out just by a glance. There is a sense of curiosity to the disturbance of the ordinary. A maverick is a creative individual with a different mindset who is confident and bold. Commonly labeled an outcast they are someone who break the molds of societal norms that at the time are not encouraged but slowly become apart of the mainstream, alternating the traditional point of view. Frida Kahlo and Andy Warhol both contributed to different art movements. Frida Kahlo grew up with an illness and later experience what she would call two accidents that allowed her to start her innovative life. Kahlo changed societal norms having to do with sexuality, gender roles, and a new form of e xpression with private and personal subjects that at the time weren’t allowed to be talked about. Andy Warhol came from rags to riches because of his excellence in his artwork that was different and interesting from past artwork. He freely explored his sexuality and created the movement that made a huge change throughout America and the consumerist culture many parts of the world has been living in since the post war era. Both contributed to how current society is seen and what is now seen as normalShow MoreRelatedArt History Study Guide3003 Words   |  13 PagesChienne Andalu * Dali, Salvador –The Persistence of Memory; Temptation of St. Anthony * DeChirico –Melancholy and Mystery of the Street * Ernst, Max –Two Children are Threatened by a Nightingale * Kahlo, Frida –The Two Fridas * Klee, Paul –Twittering Machine * Malevich, Kazimir –Suprematist Painting (aka Eight Red Rectangles); Suprematist Composition: Airplane Flying; â€Å"White on White† * Miro, Joan –â€Å"Painting† * Oppenheim

The Potential of Stem Cells - 588 Words

Stem cells have the potential to impact the medical field changing the way we see science and medicine. It’s necessary to understand stem cells, the possible uses and differences. Stem cells transform to certain tissues types depending on the ones surrounding them. Certain stem cells have the ability to repair damaged tissue, which in long term can impact those with severe medical conditions. Like any other medical field. Stem cell research is very complex and consists of various data. Stem cell research is moderately new and had had various success stories in the past 50 years. The idea was put forward in 1908 by Alexander Maksimou. Maksimou created a theory establishing stem cells as being able to transform to other cells being the start of reparation of tissue. The idea was rather boxed away until 1964 were scientist, James and Ernest demonstrated the existence of renewing cells found in the bone marrow on mice. Later discovering that cells of organs can create the entire body. Creating not only cells to function with the lungs but with the kidneys, liver and heart. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to take on any function and divide during life time. Stem cells have potentiality been able to replace over 200 different cells in the body, in some test being able to fix the abnormality. They are able to take the function of a cell, there are two types of stem cells adult and embryonic cells Embryonic cells have been highly controversy in the pastShow MoreRelatedThe Potential Use for Stem Cells699 Words   |  3 PagesIn tissues like bone and muscle stem cells can make replacements for muscle and tissue that are lost from disease or tear. There are three main types of stem cells embryonic stem cells adult stem cells and induced induced-pluripotent stem cells. Adult stem cells can usually develop into the same type of tissue that they are in. Stem cells are cells with the ability to divide for indefinite periods of time. 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Skimming is Winning Free Essays

Skim reading could be what leads to the next epidemic for written works. This can be explained as the phenomenon in which readers pick out only what appear to be the most important and valuable pieces of information from a text. In â€Å"Skim reading is the new normal. We will write a custom essay sample on Skimming is Winning or any similar topic only for you Order Now The effect on society is profound.† Maryanne Wolf delineates the negative effects of skim reading on our intellectual processes such as; critical analysis, deep reading, and research surfacing as individuals move into digital based modes of reading. Wolf introduces the term â€Å"cognitive impatience† to explain how we are unable to take the time to concentrate because skimming has taken over most of our reading. This affects our ability to comprehend important information.† The argument states that humans are losing the ability to use their intellectual comprehension skills when it comes to reading. Skim reading is affecting the process to obtain information without analyzing the facts. This leaves the reader with â€Å"false information and demagoguery.† False information is obtained through skim reading as the â€Å"act† itself causes one to attain general information and words which can lead to misinterpretation. In addition, it adds a prejudice point of view as the reader fails to dive into facts which stand to be the main focus of the information being presented, and this can be explained as demagoguery. As a solution, she comes up with the idea of a â€Å"bi-literate† brain that will be capable to form the deepest of thoughts on either traditional or digital forms. It will benefit everyone as it will create a sustainable society by giving us the ability to seek more knowledge than we already have. Essentially, Wolf’s essay is a warning of the dangers that skim reading has. It is leading individuals to misinterpret knowledge causing them to have false information. In her opening paragraphs, Wolf states (â€Å"The neuronal circuit that underlies the brain’s ability to read is subtly, rapidly changing – a change with implications for everyone from the pre-reading toddler to the expert adult.†) The term â€Å"Cognitive impatience† is introduced and explained how individuals around the world are slowly becoming impatient when it comes to reading denser, more difficult texts. It is stated that what underlies â€Å"cognitive impatience† should be critically analyzed far more than the problem itself. Specific real-life examples are presented in relation to cognitive impatience, such as wills, contracts, and voting. For instance, contracts are essential when getting a job, purchasing a house, etc. If individuals fail to read the information correctly regarding the agreements or rules, it can cause them to miss out on specific information one may need to know to avoid unnecessary conflict. The author stresses the importance of deep reading by presenting real-life factors that rely on our growth as a society. The use of these examples in the article is a way of appealing to the reader’s emotions, having them become more aware of the impacts skim reading can have even in situations we would not think of, such as the ones that were stated previously as well as digital skim reading. Technology has affected the ways in which we obtain information. As it becomes more advanced we are beginning to rely on technology to gain access to the information that we may require. However, various studies have proved that digital screen use may be causing troubling effects on reading comprehension in high school and college students. Ziming Liu from San Jose University conducted a study where he indicated that Skim reading is becoming the new â€Å"norm.† Many students began to glance at specific words and sentences for the rest of the text. When the brain skims likes this, it does not allow us to â€Å"to grasp complexity, understand others feelings, perceive beauty and for readers to have thoughts of their own.† By this, the author is trying to inform us that reading is comprised of more than just understanding the moral of a story. It is about being able to connect with the author and the emotions being presented, look at situations from a different perspective, as well as create thoughts of our own as we read in depth. Since technology has become a widely used tool in classrooms, this is seen as an opportunity to explain how it is affecting the information that we acquire. Negative effects of reading in digital modes can appear as early as the fourth or fifth grade. The author grasps the attention of the readers by informing them how early the effects of screen reading can affect the mental health of students. By this, she raises awareness to those who provide technology to their children or students constantly. For instance, parents giving their children technology to keep them occupied from a young age can cause them to rely on technology, hindering the development of basic reading skills leading to the underdevelopment of the child’s brain. Scientific terms, such as circuit, neuroscience, and brain were present to stress and further explain the issue of skim reading. The author uses various studies conducted by psychologists as evidence to further support her argument. Anne Mangen, a psychologist from Stavanger, Norway came to a conclusion indicating (â€Å"That student’s who read on print were superior in their comprehension to screen-reading peers.†) The reading circuit is a part in our brain that both psychology and science are parallel to. When our brain cannot comprehend information, or critically analyze along with various basic reading skills, it affects our brain which in turn affects psychological behaviours. The author references other neuroscientists which show the timeline the issue began, to stress the point that this is an issue across all age groups. Reading is a lot more than just being able to comprehend the text, It is being able to critically analyze and empathize, which is a crucial factor. It involves being able to understand the perspective of the author and the emotion they are trying to portray. Wolf also introduces a type of â€Å"bi-literate brain†, a brain capable of forming the deepest thoughts in traditional or digital mediums. The author does not only stress the importance of deep reading, perspective taking, analyzing, comparing etc. just for a simple book or text, but also indirectly tells us to have the same view towards our society and the way we live. The Bi-literate brain will help view life and certain situations in other perspectives, look at things and be appreciative of the beauty around us and also be able to create beauty with our imagination and ideas. Being able to go beyond our current knowledge and dig deeper to reach the knowledge, is necessary to sustain a good society. Wolf Indirectly states that using those same reading skills can also be used in real life to create a better future not only for literature but also our society. As the future moves society into a more digitized world, members are becoming unable to comprehend information accurately. â€Å"Cognitive impatience† the inability to take time and read, is leading readers to be unable to properly comprehend the information accurately because skimming has become a norm. This causes a prejudiced outlook due to readers being misinformed. It is no doubt that Wolf’s article is a warning towards individuals in every age group to stress the point, how we are slowly diminishing in utilizing our basic reading skills such as critical thinking, analyzing, and deep reading. As Wolf presents real-life factors that are essential to our growth, we as members of society also have a duty to go beyond the knowledge that we already acquire and sustain a good society. How to cite Skimming is Winning, Papers

Strategies to Support Balanced Literacy

Introduction Balanced literacy is a cluster of instructional literacy procedures, which include techniques for teaching individuals, small groups, and the entire class depending on interest and need. For this paper, we shall define balanced literacy as follows.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategies to Support Balanced Literacy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Balanced Literacy stresses the essential dimensions of reading through explicit teaching of phonics, phonemic awareness, fluency and expressiveness, vocabulary, and comprehension. Daily read-aloud, writing and reading workshops and systematic word study instruction are key aspects of the approach. Teachers express the practices and strategies of effectual reading and writing through different structures† (New York City Department of Education, 2011, n.p.). This definition includes the use of instruction in learning words as well as reading and writing. Both the writer and the reader use words. Therefore, an efficient balanced literacy program should include understanding of phonetics, morphology and semantics. Besides, the definition recognizes the teacher’s role in transmitting knowledge and skills to the learners so they can be independent. The history of balanced literacy traces back to the days of picture writing. Prior to the invention of letters, picture writing was rampant (Cheesman, McGuire, Shankweiler, Coyne, 2009). Picture writing involved the use of symbols to represent words. After the invention of the alphabets, reading became less difficult. Beginners had to learn just 26 letters and their sounds unlike in the past where they had to learn many symbols in picture writing. Later, in 1950’s, educators decided to introduce a new method called look-say. Look-say method involved guessing words by their shapes, first letters and context. The method ignored the use of 26 methods and their sounds (Cheesman et al., 2009). Besides, look-say method failed to recognize that learners had limited memory capacity and that they could only maintain a few amount of words in their memory. Apparently, several children discovered how to read out words individually while others did not.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the 1980’s, look-say evolved into another method called language experience. Language experience then evolved to psycholinguistics and later to whole language. From whole language, the method evolved to balanced literacy. Balanced literacy is the modern day practice that uses instruction in learning words, reading and writing with the intention of helping learners to understand phonetics, morphology and semantics (Brown Fisher, 2006). Listening The first recognized strategy that teachers use to help learners become better listeners is reading aloud. All balanced li teracy programs have a room for listening to literature (Cheesman et al., 2009). Through listening, the learner can tell when a sound does not sound correct. Besides, listening to literature increases a learner’s vocabulary. During reading, learners display listening comprehension. Learners can also make conclusions about characters and plots as they read. Reading aloud exposes the student to different aspects of literature. In addition, the student gets to hear the teacher and other good readers as they read fluently. Through this, the learner can figure out the model of fluent reading. The second recognized strategy that teachers use to help learners become better listeners is modeled reading. Modeled reading is whereby the teacher reads text in a fluent way. The teacher can model learners in small groups, large groups, or on individual basis (Willows, 2005). The aim of modeling is to develop effective reading behaviour in learners. The explicit preparation of definite read ing outcomes for modeling involves looking for common phrases and words and guiding learners to create predictions concerning the story. In the course of modeled reading, the teacher takes full control of the process. The role of students is just to listen and watch. The teacher should therefore make learners aware of the thinking process that he goes through when reading the text through thinking aloud.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategies to Support Balanced Literacy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The third strategy is shared reading. Shared reading is whereby learners read an enlarged document such as a chart, a big book, or an overhead transparency together with the instructor (Willows, 2005). Shared reading may take place in small groups, large groups, or one-on-one basis. First, the teacher reads the text for several times for the learners to hear. Learners then join in when they feel most comforta ble and they read aloud all that they can. Next, the teacher leaves learners to read on their own as the text becomes more familiar to them. After the learners finish reading the story, the teacher should ask them to narrate their feelings and thoughts about the experience. Learners listen attentively throughout so that they can answer questions at the end of the lesson. Speaking One recognized strategy that teachers use to help learners become better speakers is book clubs/ literature study. Learners select books from several texts that the teacher recommends (Bitter Gubbins, 2009). Such texts must be meaningful and written clearly. For instance, series books are not appropriate for use because they do not have topics that can sustain a meaningful discussion. The teacher then assigns a small portion of the text to learners and instructs them to discuss and make notes so that they can recall key points. As the students carry out discussion, the teacher only listens and offers guidan ce when necessary. In other words, the teacher intervenes minimally. Although learners may require active assistance from the teacher as the process starts, the ultimate goal of book clubs and literature study is to develop an independent student-governed conversation. Material for discussion in book clubs includes short stories, novels, magazines and pictures. In the fifth grade, material selected should match the content of instruction. For instance, fiction novels talking about the earth would be very appropriate for learners to discuss and engage as they learn geography curriculum. Such discussions are valuable to students as they help them to develop their speaking skills. Another recognized strategy that teachers use to help learners become better speakers is choral reading. Choral reading involves students reading a text all together. Learners are able to memorize words and develop fluency through choral reading.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This form of reading has many tongue twisters, which enable learners to develop word solving skills and command of language. Besides, learners memorize vocabulary to use in speaking during choral reading. As learners read, they are able to listen to themselves and their colleagues and that is how they strengthen their language. Reading Aloud is also a recognized strategy that teachers use to help learners become better speakers (Frey, Lee, Tollefson, Pass Massengill, 2005). Apart from enhancing listening, reading aloud also helps learners to develop speaking skills. As the teacher reads aloud, learners are able to master the tone and volume of different words and phrases. Besides, listening to literature increases a learner’s vocabulary that he can use in speaking. Reading One recognized strategy that teachers use to help learners become better readers is shared reading. This method of instruction involves the teacher reading content that is accessible to all learners (Press ley, Mohan, Raphael, Fingeret, 2007). Learners may access the text read by a teacher through book copies or a digital projector. Shared reading gives learners a chance to reflect and discuss about topics that surpass their actual independent reading capacities. For instance, a teacher may use shared reading in subjects like Mathematics and Sciences since they are usually written at a level of complexity beyond the aptitude of the reader. Pressley et al. (2007) suggests that learners who are still growing reading, as a skill, should go through stimulating grade level content material. The instructor models the right mode of reading using the chosen text. He thinks aloud, identifies significant elements in the text, and maintains fluency as he reads. Another recognized strategy that teachers use to help learners become better readers is independent reading (Pressley et al. 2007). Independent reading occurs when learners gain the maturity to read on their own. Moreover, independent re ading occurs when the process of reading seems to increase the ability and skills of readers. This is usually evident when the teacher offers short and explicit instruction before the independent reading classes. For instance, an instructor may start a reading workshop with a semi-lesson on character analysis. The instructor then tells learners to reflect on characters during independent reading and to write down what they think about them. Next, the instructor discusses with individual learners about their perceptions on character. Through this process, the instructor assists the learner to develop comprehension capacity for use in independent reading. During independent reading, the learner uses a notebook or a journal. The writer should record titles of works read and dates that he completed reading the work. The teacher may also follow habits of students reading and guide them where necessary. The response journal should also have a letter of response from the reader. The learne r writes down all details of instructions that the instructor gives during daily semi-lessons. The learner organizes his thinking and all learning that he obtains in the course of a week into an inclusive letter. The instructor then studies the letter and responds. The aim of an instructor’s response is to guide the thinking of the learner and build an independent context for reading. A further recognized strategy that teachers use to help learners become better readers is guided reading. Guided reading is an instructional strategy whereby the instructor offers brief guides to learners (Frey et al., 2005). In this strategy, learners need to be in groups of no more than five. The groups comprise of homogenous learners, depending on their reading capacities and other individual needs as established by assessment tests. As skills develop, teachers shift learners to next level groups. The teacher often conducts learner assessments to determine their correct group placement. A gui ded reading lesson has four components including; text introduction, word work, reading and discussion. The instructor first gives an introduction on the reading text as he explains difficult words and tries to connect the task with learners’ prior knowledge. The teacher also scaffolds any comprehension of the task and creates interest among learners. Introducing the task to be read is very significant in the teaching and learning process. Considering that the task matches with learners’ level of knowledge, learners can only succeed in reading if they have received adequate preparation to embrace the content. Next, learners read the text on their own. Most learners prefer to read silently. However, the teacher may decide to monitor an individual reader while asking him queries about his reading. When all the students finish reading, the instructor conducts a discussion. This discussion focuses on details of the text and learners’ experiences in reading. The inst ructor may also decide to introduce a new skill or strategy in the course of the discussion. Lastly, the teacher conducts some brief word work. This entails a recap on word solving actions or morphology. Writing One recognized strategy that teachers use to help learners become better writers is shared writing. The aim of shared writing is to show learners essential skills and ways of writing. The instructor introduces and models writing as learners give their ideas. Thus, both learners and instructors take part in creating stories and messages. The instructor offers a model of writing while paying special attention to sounds, words and letters. Another recognized strategy that teachers use to help learners become better writers is interactive writing. In interactive writing, the instructor and learners collaborate in creating joint text, similar to shared writing. The only difference between interactive writing and shared writing is that in interactive writing, learners take part an d interact with the process while in shared writing, this does not occur. In the course of interactive writing, the teacher illustrates elements writing as learners create text. For instance, learners may write the first letter of a familiar word and then the teacher fills other words. Interactive writing aims at offering letter formation practice to learners. In addition, the process aims at giving learners an experience with punctuation and awareness of letters and words. Although time-consuming, interactive writing is very valuable to learners. Students participating in interactive writing use different colored marking pens on a large piece of paper for easy referral. The teacher then uses these writings by learners as assessment tools to find learners’ level of writing. Guided writing is as well a recognized strategy that teachers use to help learners become better writers. The aim of guided writing is to enable learners write independently by developing writing behaviors through shared and modeled learning. Guided writing may focus on one learner or small groups consisting of persons with the same needs. Every learner in a group writes individually with help from the teacher. Learners hold the pen and write on their own. Teachers then conduct semi-lessons whereby they address the particular needs of learners through continuous assessment. Learners are able to create more comprehensive texts through this process than they can on their own. Viewing Learners can become intelligent viewers of internet stimuli, television and media through image descriptions. Here, the instructor describes a picture orally and asks students to draw a picture out of his descriptions. Next, the instructor shows learners his picture and asks them to compare it with their own drawings. Some aspects that learners can compare include; the closeness of their individual pictures to the real picture and the mistakes that they had done in their drawing. The instructor can also in terrogate learners about the picture. Some areas of interrogation may include whether it is a photograph; how and when it was made; what the picture all about; where the picture was taken; and at what time. In this process, the instructor should let learners guide the direction of the discussion. Real Life Pictures Learners can also become intelligent viewers by teaching them using real life images. This strategy involves sharing stories by looking at pictures. For instance, the teacher may show learners his own picture and share his story-life from the picture. This task relates to speaking and listening, which are central aspects involved in viewing the television. Another method that instructors can make learners become intelligent viewers is through television and film pictures. The instructor first gets a suitable film/TV program and uses it to build nouns. He then gives learners a copy of the image and asks them to name all the parts in the picture. After naming the parts, the instructor may add adjectives to the labeled parts. By doing so, the learner will grow fond of viewing images in the television and other media. Visual Presentation Visual presentation approach merges the creation of visuals and mental imaging for use in presentation. Besides, the strategy allows learners to show the core concepts and to simplify knowledge into a summary (Bingham Hall-Kenyon, 2011). Instructors start by demonstrating to learners how to pick the most suitable presentation layout for the information in print. Instructors may have to explain to learners about different presentation layouts. Learners then pick format designs that best suit their presentations. A teacher can also help student become better writers through visual presentations such as charts, picture dictionary and media. First, the instructor introduces charts to learners and asks them to write about what they see. Eventually, learners end up with different stories, which they can share. Second, the in structor forms a picture dictionary for the classroom. The dictionary has pictures and their meaning in words. Besides, the instructor can use PowerPoint to create and integrate words and pictures (Carnahan Israel, 2012). Through these methods, the learner enriches his vocabulary, which he can use for writing. Third, the instructor exposes the learner to different forms of advertisements. The teacher then asks learners to pay special attention to the writings on the advertisement. The teacher also asks learners to check the display of images and texts in the advertisement. Through these tasks, the learners develop writing skills. Application: Expected Challenges in Student Teaching Differentiation Differentiating learners is challenging because the instructional needs may differ greatly. To solve this problem, I would place learners according to their assessment needs and keep them in flexible groups whereby I can shift them depending on their capabilities. Besides, I would use ind ividualized teaching to cater for learners specific needs together with scaffolding. Scaffolding refers to the progressive release of instruction from teacher to learner (Bitter Gubbins, 2009). Another challenge I might face is delivering whole-group instruction while focusing on individual needs of learners. To solve this problem, I will deliver instruction using clear language and a language that most learners can understand. I will also apply the explicit principle in reading and writing activities. The explicit principle involves modeling particular tests. English Language Learners (Ell) Dealing with English Language Learners is another challenge that am likely to face while implementing the balance literacy program. This group consists of learners who are not proficient in the English language. To solve this problem, I will set up my classroom in an inclusive style. This will include arranging ELL learners in small groups from where I can coach them ahead of whole-class instruc tion. The aim of this strategy is will be to reduce anxiety. I will also promote a climate of acceptance among all learners and especially those who are not proficient in the English language so that all learners can take part. I will model and foster a culture whereby all learners must speak, read, write and listen. I will also reward all efforts by learners to meet these goals. Lastly, I feel that some members of balanced literacy implementation team may lack total commitment. To execute balanced literacy program effectively, literacy teams are essential. A literacy team comprises special needs teacher, classroom teacher and other support staff. These members must be ready for change and should have commitment toward executing best teaching methods. To make sure that I work with a dedicate team, I will conduct personal interviews on all potential team members and select only those who show a strong commitment to serve. Summary Balanced literacy is an inclusive program that seeks t o cater for the needs of learners from a group level and at an individual level. I think that this program works for all students as it caters for diverse learners needs. The program caters for needs of learners with difficulties in learning the English language Learners as well as learners who are learning English as a second language through differentiated small group instruction (Lee, 2012). The program then promotes learners to the next level depending on merit. Besides, the program caters for learning of special groups through individualized education. Even in whole group instruction, the program recommends the use of strategies that are suitable for diverse learners. In my teaching, I intend to engage my learners through strategies that fit their needs. This way, I will make sure that my learners do not experience frustrations. One theory that will be central to my practice is Vygotsky’s theory of child development. This theory suggests that teachers should teach learne rs concepts that match their development level. I will introduce reading, writing, speaking, viewing and listening skill gradually depending on the learning levels of learners. I will also apply the above-mentioned teaching strategies for use in balanced literacy program. To foster listening in learners, I will practice shared reading, modeled reading and reading aloud. To foster speaking, I will practice choral reading, reading aloud and literature study or book clubs. To foster reading, I will practice guided reading, shared reading and independent reading. To foster writing, I will practice interactive writing, guided writing and shared writing. To foster viewing, I will use image descriptions, real-life pictures and television/film. I will also use visual presentations such as charts and media to make my students become better writers. Through visual presentations, learners can describe and write what they see. Besides, I will use PowerPoint to integrate words and pictures. This will enable learners to understand words and enrich their vocabulary. Although am likely to face several challenges including differentiation, lack of commitment among team members and problems with dealing with learners who are not proficient in English, I have established clear ways in which I will handle these problems. References Bingham, G. Hall-Kenyon, K. (2011). Examining teachers’ beliefs about and implementation of a balanced literacy framework. Journal of Research in Reading, 36 (1), 14-28. Bitter, C. Gubbins, P. (2009). What works to improve student literacy achievement? An examination of instructional practices in a balanced literacy approach. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 14 (1), 17-44. Brown, J. Fisher, P. (2006). Balanced literacy: One middle school’s experience. Principal Leadership, 7 (1), 38–40. Carnahan, C. Israel, M. (2012). Using technology to support balanced literacy for students with significant disabilities. Teac hing Exceptional Children, 45 (1), 20-29. Cheesman, E. A. , McGuire, J. M., Shankweiler, D. Coyne, M. (2009). First-year teacher knowledge of phonemic awareness and its instruction. Teacher Education and Special Education, 32 (3), 270–289. Frey, B. B., Lee, S. W., Tollefson, N., Pass, L. Massengill, D. (2005). Balanced literacy in an urban school district. The Journal of Educational Research, 98 (5), 272–280. Lee, H.C. (2012). The reading response e-journal: An alternative way to engage low achieving EFL students. Language Teaching Research, 17 (1), 111-131. New York City Department of Education. (2011). English language arts. Retrieved from https://www.schools.nyc.gov/school-life/learning/subjects/english-language-arts Pressley, M. , Mohan, L. , Raphael, L. M. Fingeret, L. (2007). How does bennett woods elementary school produce such high reading and writing achievement? Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 221–240. Willows, D. (2005). The balanced literac y diet. School Administrator, 59, 30–33. 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