The Pathway to Psychosis - 1433 Words

â€Å"How all occasions do inform against me† is a line from act IIII, scene IIII of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet. This line, spoken by Hamlet, expresses his emotional state as he is currently overwhelmed by the death of his father, the king of Denmark, and the situation surrounding it. After Hamlet learns of his father’s death he finds out that his mother has married Claudius, Hamlet’s uncle. On top of all of that, Hamlet soon after discovers that Claudius murdered his father in order to become king, and he takes it upon himself to avenge his father’s death. Throughout the play, the severe stress of the situation seems to take its toll on Hamlet putting him in a depressed state, and eventually over time he grows†¦show more content†¦28-29). Following, childhood trauma was assessed with a questionnaire (Lardinois , Lataster , Mengelers, van Os , Myin-Germeys, 2011, pp. 28-29). The findings of the study show a strong â€Å"interaction† between stress and childhood trauma, thus showing that childhood trauma is associated with â€Å"sensitivity to stress† (Lardinois , Lataster , Mengelers, van Os , Myin-Germeys, 2011, p. 28). While this does not prove a cause-and-effect relationship between childhood trauma and an â€Å"emotional and psychotic† reactivity to stress, it strongly points to the possibility that a history of childhood trauma can lead to an individual reacting emotionally and psychotically to stress (Lardinois , Lataster , Mengelers, van Os , Myin-Germeys, 2011, p. 28). Clearly, there is stress associated with childhood trauma and therefore it is possible that that childhood stress lead these subjects to develop psychosis. A study published in the journal of Psychological Medicine entitled COMT Val158Met moderation of stress-induced psychosis takes a biological approach to the question at hand. This study sought to examine the question of high reactivity to stress seeming to â€Å"represent part of the vulnerability for psychosis† (Stefanis, et al., 2007, p. 1651). The study’s objective was to determine whether a â€Å"functional polymorphism in theShow MoreRelatedA Comparison Between Schizophrenia And Bipolar Spectrum Disorder1518 Words   |  7 Pagespresence of manic or hypomanic episodes as a clear distinction requiring the designation of bipolar spectrum disorder as opposed to negative and positive schizophrenic symptoms; however, similarities in the disorders including etiology, presence of psychosis, and effectiveness of new atypical antipsychotic treatments may present similar neurological psychopathology. 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Such as psychotomimetic effects which are psychosis-like experiences that are experienced by an individual moments after the cannabinoids enter their nervous system. Including but not limited to delusions, hallucinations, and though alienating experiences (Radhakrishnan et al.) This THE EFFECTSRead MoreEffects Of Marijuana On The Neural Pathways And Will Provide Evidence1356 Words   |  6 Pagesone’s cognition and mental health. The main focus within this literacy paper will be -- can marijuana truly have causal links which relate to the occurrence of psychosis? This paper will discuss the effects that marijuana has on the neural pathways and will provide evidence for both â€Å"yes† and â€Å"no† sides regarding the causation of psychosis due to cannabis. Through the given evidences, conclusions will be drawn towards either the â€Å"yes† or the â€Å"no† side and this will answer the question. CannabisRead MoreParkinson s Disease : A Long Term Progressive Neurodegenerative Disease Essay1664 Words   |  7 Pagesthe diminishing of dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway and substantia nigra, which causes inhibition of the thalamus decreasing excitatory input to the motor cortex.1 Along with the key manifestations an individual with Parkinson’s Disease will experience problems associated with the disease or the antiparkinson medications. These co-occurring problems are hallucinations, dementia, daytime sleepiness, fatigue, depression, and pyschosis.2 Psychosis is a common problem in Parkinson’s Disease, andRead MoreDeveloping Efficient Framework For Social Security Data Mining1606 Words   |  7 Pagesthe social insurance or welfare knowledge. in this antecedently work done on techniques for social insurance data processing. During this paper the term use generate little psychosis for increasing the performance. The performance of trained little psychosis is rechecked will improve performance by combining the little psychosis.. Keywords- Keywords are your own designated keywords which can be used for easy location of the manuscript using any search engines. ____________________________________Read MoreSymptoms Of Schizophrenia And Bipolar Disorder1322 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Background information: Antipsychotics are primarily used to manage the symptoms of psychosis, particularly schizophrenia and bipolar disorder by blocking D2 receptors in the dopamine pathway of the brain. There are two main types of antipsychotics; typical antipsychotics, also known as the first generation antipsychotics (FGA) which were developed in 1950s, example of medicine in this category include Chloropromazine, Haloperidol, Flupenthixol, and Loxapine. Atypical antipsychotics

Art Education Is Important For Students Essay - 2605 Words

Art Education is very important for students. A growing body of research suggests that the arts offer students a unique, valuable way to grow intellectually, socially and emotionally. These things are all associated with creativity. Schools today want to focus more on the four core classes math, science, english, and social studies which is acceptable for some students who are academically stronger in school. Opposed to the students who have a harder time focusing in school and we see them drawing when they need to be taking notes. Creativity today has become less and less more visible in classrooms in America. Due to the expansion of technology people see that it takes less time to look an idea up on the internet rather than taking the time to come up with something original. According to Pew Research Center of Internet, Science, and Technology â€Å" Today, 68% of U.S. adults own a smartphone, up from 35% in 2011, and tablet computer ownership has edged up to 45% among adults.† They also say â€Å" 86% of those ages 18-26 have smartphones and 73% of teens have or have access to smartphones.† fIn the last decade the use of technology has grown tremendously and has now reached our schools. Computer labs have been in schools since the early seventies computers began to make themselves known in the education field when schools began having computer labs for reading test and essays. Since then most schools have a computer or each student to take notes on or study with, or whatever theyShow MoreRelatedAesthetics, The And Beauty Of Aesthetics1461 Words   |  6 Pagesimprove the inner self to find beauty and appreciate the simple things in life to counter balance the rationalized world around them. Aesthetics is the gateway for you to explore an d use self-imagination and creativity and therefore should become more important in today’s society and incorporated more within our school systems to help our youth understand that there is beauty within our world. As Albert Einstein once stated, â€Å"logic will get you from A to Z, Imagination will take you everywhere†. Today’sRead MoreWhy Liberal Arts Education Matter?1351 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Liberal Arts Education Matter? There is a phenomenon that the number of liberal arts college is declining, which means we are losing liberal arts education. Recently, more and more students focus on scores and getting a degree instead of improving themselves comprehensiveness. Many students think the college degree is more important than knowledge and skills, that’s why they ignore the study of liberal arts. 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Spanning centuries, the political, social, and economic development of European nations, each played an important role the philosophies of art education, which in the long run, affected American ideasRead MoreThe Importance of Funding Music and Art Programs for Young Students Across America1685 Words   |  7 Pagesand art programs in schools are perceived to many as extracurricular activities rather than important subjects that are vital to a students learning and skill development. The truth of the matter i s that encouraging music and art education in public schools has a much larger impact on student’s grades, academic performance, and the economy than the majority people realize. Within the next year city school budgets will be dropping by twenty five percent, and despite the fact that music and art programsRead MoreEducation And Academic Achievement Gap1304 Words   |  6 Pagesof the day for most students fills Anna with complete joy. Why? 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Ungar was the president of a liberal arts education and the essay uses Ungars knowledge of liberal arts education to counteract arguments against students receiving a liberalRead More The Importance of Arts Education Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Arts Education Jane Alexander, Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), once said, â€Å"Many children are missing out on something which gives their education context, gives their lives depth and meaning, and prepares them to be the future workforce.† This â€Å"something† that she spoke of is music and art education. Unfortunately, she is entirely correct. We are currently seeing in our country a dramatic cut in arts education curriculum in our public schoolsRead MoreArt Classes Are More Important Than We Think. 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Journey Through English Class Free Essays

string(257) " those two crescents of white just under it, where the sun never seems to hit†\(259 Kirszner\), parts like this along with the reference to the word â€Å"chunky† several times do a great job of illustrating what the group of girls look like in ones head\." When I signed up for this Introduction to Literature course I was not expecting it to be one of the most insightful and interesting classes that I have ever taken. Nevertheless, over the years I have learned to expect the unexpected and that truth held to it’s own with this course. After five years of avoiding any type of English Literature course I knew it was time to finally take one, as did my academic advisor. We will write a custom essay sample on Journey Through English Class or any similar topic only for you Order Now My expectation was that I would be sitting in class watching the clock tick or trying to text message friends to pass the time. Ergo I do not believe my cell phone left its holster all semester. From the very first day of class when I was walking to my car, a classmate and I talked about how we thought it was going to be a great class, and on the last day of class that same student and I talked about how we were actually going to miss it, so our prediction was dead on. Normally the last day of class is a celebration for the fact that everyone is so happy that it is finally over, but that was not the case.I was dreading the fact that we would have to read books and stories that I wasn’t interested in and write about them. I was also worried because I sometimes have a hard time remembering books and things that I read when I am taking a test on the facts of the material. I figured I would be taking long exams on long books and struggling to remember what I read which was one of the reasons why I was not looking forward to any sort of Literature course. I did realize that annotating in the margins and re-reading the stories helped me remember more, but I still don’t think I would be too interested in re-reading a very long book.I have always been a good writer and English Composition courses were never hard for me, although they were never my favorite’s ether. As a Business Management major with a minor in Coaching, math and sports management classes have always grasped me the most. I never exceptionally liked math but have always been a very strong student in it so I thought that business would be a good major for me. Never in a million years would I expect a Literature class to be one of the best classes I have taken though college. The reflective essays were much different then any writing assignments I have previously had.The second page where we were able to write about our own personal connections and feelings was the part that I became very fond of. The chance to relate the work to our own lives was a great way to express myself and it was something that I found myself looking forward to. I am guilty of normally leaving my writing assignments till the last minute when I barely finish them in time to make it to class on-time, but I would often write the reflective essays right after we left class so I would not forget the ideas that I wished to write about.I will discuss how each essay helped me to grow more as a student and how a couple of the pieces really touched me personally next. The first reflective essay was on â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, written by Kate Chopin in 1894. This fittingly was the only essay I did not receive a check plus on showing that I took the mistakes I made in it and improved throughout the semester. I enjoyed the short story and found it to be one of the more ironic pieces that we read. In my essay I talked about one of the lines that came out at me the most. â€Å"And yet she had loved him-sometimes. Often she had not. (227 Kirszner) This line reached out to me because not only was it the first time in the story that you realize everything is not as it seems, but it is a very sad but true statement that expresses how many married couples may feel. The grammatical problems I had on the first paper had to due with that fact that I was using present tense in the first page and I needed to keep the tone general, with no I’s. I related the shock that she went through with the shock that the people from Haiti were going though on the first page when I should have saved that for the second.The line I liked the most from that story was the very last sentence, â€Å"When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease-of joy that kills†. My reason for that was because it turned the whole story upside-down and made me realize and possibly even her realize that she really did love him. Our second essay was on â€Å"AP†, which was written by John Updike in 1961. The one mistake that I managed to make again in this essay was to simply introduce the work, a mistake I will not make again. I had an instant connection with the main character Sammy in this story because I too worked t a grocery store for my first job and also have had a weakness for beautiful girls as he did. My boss was also very uptight, sexiest and just not a happy person. This made the personal experience section of my paper very easy for me to relate to the story and I was able to talk about the way in which I had also decided to quit that horrible job, the only job I have ever left without two weeks notice. One part of this story that I thoroughly enjoyed was the great detail that Updike would go into.He tells us; â€Å"with a good tan and a sweet broad soft-looking can with those two crescents of white just under it, where the sun never seems to hit†(259 Kirszner), parts like this al ong with the reference to the word â€Å"chunky† several times do a great job of illustrating what the group of girls look like in ones head. You read "Journey Through English Class" in category "Papers" The next reflective essay I wrote on was that of â€Å"The New York Day Women†, written by Edwidge Danticat in 1991. The part of this story I enjoyed most was the child whom she has a soda â€Å"conspiracy† with, â€Å"The child’s face lights up as she puts the straw in the can for him.This seems to be a conspiracy just between the two of them† (408 Kirszner). I loved that because that part of the day could possibly be the one thing that the boy looks forward to almost every day, small acts of kindness can go a long way. Also this was the first time were my view on the reading completely changed once we had our class discussion. So much so that I almost wanted to re-write my essay even though I received a check plus on it. I had thought that the mother was a mute until I heard everyone else’s view on the reading. My personal favorite piece that we read was â€Å"Cathedral†, written by Raymond Carver in 1983. Carvers writing style reminded me of my uncles favorite author, Ernest Hemingway, whom I have come to enjoy reading as well. His great use of imagery and short sentence structure makes for reading that I thoroughly enjoy. The story intrigued me so much that I went on to read a few more short stories of Carvers. I especially liked a poem I stumbled across called â€Å"Gravy†, which he wrote shortly before his death about his eleven year battle with cancer. Don’t weep for me,† he said to his friends. â€Å"I’m a lucky man. I’ve had ten years longer than I or anyone expected. Pure Gravy. And don’t forget it. † (Carver) This poem made me think of my mother and how tremendously brave and optimistic she has been though her fight with cancer. The reason why I was so captivated by â€Å"Cathedral† was because I almost lost my vision at a young age. One day while I was in the fifth grade, my eyes started to hurt and I found myself squinting just to see. When I eventually went outside the sun hurt so much that I knew I needed to go see the school nurse. As she shined her bright light in my eye she knew that something was not right because of my reaction and the fact that my pupils were not dilating or responding to the light. She had no idea what was wrong with me and I was sent to Hartford Hospital where they also knew little to nothing of what was wrong with me. I remember being extremely scared and worried when the doctors did not know what to tell my parents when we left other than the fact that they were going to run tests on my blood and try to figure it out (I think they took my blood about six times which I was not too happy about).After many trips to the eye specialist and children’s hospital and a drudgingly long two weeks, the doctors found out that I had a very rare condition that had not been diagnosed in Connecticut. So rare, that I surprisingly could not even find the name of the condition on Google. However, after wearing my â€Å"special† sun-glasses inside and out for two weeks they treated me and als o let me know that if I hadn’t come in and seen them right away or hadn’t been wearing my sun-glasses that I would have had a very good chance of damaging my retinas to the point of legal blindness.I am happy to say that I have perfect vision to this day, but anytime I see a blind person I think of what could have been and my heart goes out to them. Obviously it is easy to see how my personal experience related to this story and how it touched me so. I took pleasure in writing about this story and believe I could have written seven pages on â€Å"Cathedral† alone. I felt as though this was my best work of the semester and with little to no corrections on my paper besides the remark â€Å"your best effort yet†, my feeling was confirmed.The ending of the story was the part that will continue to stick with me for many years past this course. â€Å"My eyes were still closed. I was in my house. I knew that. But I didn’t feel like I was inside anything. â€Å"It’s really something,† I said†. (537 Kirszner) These lines have far more meaning than any words could even begin to describe and I will leave it with the fact that it was one of the most touching and influential endings to a story that I have ever read. The most important thing that I learned in this class was to write about things that I have had a hard time talking about.After I choose to write about a few very touchy subjects and hard times in a couple of my reflective essays, I realized that writing about those hard times really helped to relieve some of the stress and sadness that I have carried with me since I lost my uncle to suicide. Throughout the semester, the word suicide or phrase â€Å"killed themselves† came up more then it normally does in class, or maybe its just that I now always heed those words like never before. In â€Å"Antigone†, Creon and his son Haimon both end up co mmitting suicide. â€Å"Then she must die.But her death will cause another†. (1879 Kirszner) This line by Haimon was the line I chose to talk about in our class discussion and the most influential line of the play for me, personally. At this point, Creon realizes that his decision to have Antigone prosecuted could result in his only son remaining committing suicide. If he changed his decision here and handled the situation differently, then everything could have been resolved, but he could not overcome his own ego and ended up not only losing his son, but his wife and his own life in the end.On our last assignment, â€Å"The Turn of the Screw†, written by Henry James, also entailed the part when the previous governess, Miss Jessell killed herself by jumping off a bridge. It even came up in a few of our class discussions, when we were talking about the school shooting and the signs that the parents might have had to realize that their son might harm himself or others. I found myself distraught during these conversations and I can’t wait for the day when I don’t get upset when talking about suicide, but I was glad that I learned I could go home and write about these times in a journal that I now keep.Hopefully that will help me and I believe that it will also make me a better writer and English student, as I look at writing in a whole new light now. As the class went on I also believe my class participation in discussions rose and I became more and more comfortable with my fellow students. I tend to be quiet around people who I don’t know and I really open up around those whom I am acquainted with. We had quite the group of classmates and I would love to see where everyone ends up ten or so years from now because I believe many of the people in our class are going to be very successful in their journey through life. How to cite Journey Through English Class, Papers

Delegation Example in a Healthcare Setting free essay sample

Eletha Fields Delegation Example in a Healthcare Setting Delegation in the health care setting is very important for the nurses, unlicensed assistive personnel, and for the patients. The delegation of indirect and direct patient care allows the Registered Nurse (RN) to spend more time toward the patient care, education, and patient advocacy. This delegation of patient care helps to improve patient outcomes and increases satisfaction for the patient and the nurse (Snyder, Medina, Bell, Wavra 2004). Nurse delegation is considered a â€Å"professional right and responsibility† requiring a â€Å"skill that must be taught and practiced for nurses to be proficient in using it. † Nurses need both the authority and practice experience to implement delegation† (Reinhard p. 76). Effective delegation can allow the registered nurses to make their best contribution to patients and to the health care system (Snyder et al, 2004). This delegation presentation will show the delegation model, delegation in my workplace, the stakeholders and their roles. Also it will include a plan of action that incorporates communication, conflict resolution, providing feedback, and evaluation of the problems and tasks performed. The delegation model is composed of four cycles. These are assessment, planning, intervening, and evaluation. To start with is the assessment phase of the model, which implies that we, as registered nurses, must assesses the situation, select the right delegate to perform the task, ensure the delegate is competent for the task they are delegated.Also it is important to know the policies and procedure of the place you are employed and to know the job description and expectations of the person of which you are delegating tasks to (Hansten Jackson p. 3-4). After the assessment cycle is complete, we are ready to proceed to the planning cycle. With the planning cycle, it is important to know what goals and outcomes need to be done and met. â€Å"As a practicing professional coordinating a plan of care, you are in the position to prioritize which outcomes are the most important to attain† (Hansten Jackson p. -6). Planning your patients’ tasks and goals will help to make the delegating and choosing the delegate a little easier. The third cycle is intervention. With intervention there are at least three points to consider. One, make sure to â€Å"prioritize and match the job to the delegate† (Hansten Jackson p. 6). Ensure that the task in within the caregiver’s scope of practice and that they have the knowledge and skills required to complete the task. Two, is to know how to communicate effectively with the delegate.Using clear and concise communication is important to ensure the task is carried out correctly. Clearly give the instructions to the caregiver and make sure they understand how to carry out the delegated tasks (Hansten Jackson p. 7). The third is to know conflict resolution. If the delegate is reluctant to do the desired task conflict may occur. Using assertiveness instead of aggression may help to resolve some conflicts (Hansten Jackson p. 4). The final cycle of the delegation model is evaluation. Evaluation and follow-up of the activity means that you oversee the performance and offer feedback to the delegate in terms of an appraisal of his or her performance† (Hansten Jackson p. 7). The licensed professional is responsible for the tasks that are delegated and needs to ensure they are completed and are correct. Following the delegation model of assessment, planning, intervention, and evaluation will help registered nurses in their daily delegating duties. This will also help to reach the desired patient and staff outcomes. The registered nurse does the delegation in my workplace.We delegate tasks as the primary nurse to the unlicensed assistive personnel. As the charge nurse, we delegate tasks to other nurses along with the nursing assistants. To the staff nurses’ tasks and physician orders are delegated and to be carried out either by the nurse or the nursing assistant. The primary nurse can decide if the task can be delegated to the nursing assistants. As far as the nursing assistants, they can help with and direct and indirect patient care activities that are delegated to help free the primary nurse for other nursing duties to be completed that cannot. Such tasks for the nursing assistants include: vital signs, obtaining them, reporting them to the nurse, and recording them in the designated place; obtaining daily weights; connecting the telemetry monitor to the patients; measuring intake and output, and recording it in the chart; collecting specimens; helping with daily living activities such as baths, oral care, and changing the linens (Anthony Vidal, 2010). Many other tasks that the nursing assistants can do include feeding the patient; assisting in ambulation, turning and repositioning the patient. These are involved with the direct patient care.They are also able to help with indirect patient care that of which could include cleaning equipment, running errands, delivering supplies, stocking supplies, and some clerical tasks (Snyder et al, 2004). Many stakeholders involved with the care of the patients. The stakeholders are someone who has a vested interest in the care of the patients. These can include the physicians, the nur ses, and the nursing assistants. These professionals care about what happens to the patients and want the best care provided for them. Choosing the right stakeholder for the delegated task is important.It is necessary to make sure that the person who has been assigned the task is competent and skillful to complete the task accurately. Communication and information sharing between the nurse and the assistant is equally important (Anthony Vidal, 2010). Providing feedback to the assistant once the task is performed helps to keep communication between the two staff members. The plan of action for delegation should include communication with the nursing assistant, providing feedback to the assistant, and resolving any conflict that may occur, and evaluation of any problems.Communicating with the stakeholders is important. They need to know exactly what the task is for them to do and be able to complete it correctly. The registered nurse is responsible for the outcome no matter what it is. â€Å"Clearly outlining expectations, giving complete and concise directions for implementation, and providing parameters for following up with the nurse is essential ingredients to successful communication† (Hansten Jackson p. 7). Some tasks the nursing assistant may be reluctant to complete.This could cause some conflict between the nurse and the assistant. â€Å"Being able to be assertive without being aggressive when the response is not the eager and willing â€Å"yes† that we would like is also part of the skill of effective delegation† (Hansten Jackson p. 7). Maintaining open communication with the nursing assistant can help to bypass any conflicts that may occur. If you are not able to resolve the conflict between you and the assistant then going to you clinical manager may have to be another option of conflict resolution.Feedback to the nursing assistant is also important. They need to know if they have performed the tasks at hand correctly and to the satisfaction of the patient and the nurse. â€Å"Feedback and follow-up can be as simple as a thank you for a job well done† (Hansten Jackson p. 8). â€Å"Evaluation and follow-up of the activity means that you oversee the performance and offer feedback to the delegate in terms of an appraisal of his or her performance† (Hansten Jackson p. 7). Evaluation of the performance is also important for problem solving and problem resolution.In conclusion, as we practice health care together as a team, and the demands of the patients continue to rise, delegating to the nursing assistants direct and indirect patient care helps to allow the nurse to provide the nursing duties that cannot be delegated. Again, the delegation of patient care helps to improve patient outcomes and increases satisfaction for the patient and the nurse (Snyder et al, 2004). References Anthony, PhD, RN, CS, M. K. , Vidal, K. (2010 May). Mindful Communication: A Novel Approach to Improving Delegation and Increasing Patient Safety. Issues in Nursing, 15(2). http//search. proquest. om. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/docview/763483465? accountid=35812. Hansten, R. I. Jackson, M. (2009). Clinical Delegation Skills: A Handbook for Professional Practice (4th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Reinhard, S. C. (2010 Winter). A Case for Nurse Delegation Explores a New Frontier in Consumer-Directed Care. Generations, 34(4). http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/docview/858458298? accountid=35812. Snyder, RN, MSN, CCRN, D. A. , Medina, RN, MS, J. S. , Bell, RN, MSN, L. Wavra, RN, MSN, CCRN, CCNS (2004). AACN Delegation Handbook (2nd ed. ).

Fifth business by Robertson Davies Essay Example

Fifth business by Robertson Davies Paper In a way he is imprisoning himself with Boys affairs yet Boy doesnt seem to mind at all. The narrator has nothing and nobody in his life and the only thing he relates to are Boys affairs and he explains everything Boy does against Leola that Boy truly loves her and that all the other girls mean nothing. Then in the final paragraphs the narrator remembers Hahn 4 his past experiences with the physical act of love and how much pleasure it provided him. Now it annoyed [him] that Boy had her, although he doesnt want her but he wants to simply find someone to love his disfigured body. The narrator believed that Leola really loved him but that Boy made her believe differently. With this fact in the back of his had he was sour about the whole business although he didnt even want her back. The last paragraph talks about the narrator wanting what he had last when Diana left him since he often yearned for her. The relationship between Leola and Boy has revoked the inner feelings in the narrators heart, causing him to want somebody to love and simply become a normal human being again; accepting who he was and what has happened to him. We will write a custom essay sample on Fifth business by Robertson Davies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fifth business by Robertson Davies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fifth business by Robertson Davies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the middle of this passage the narrator describes Leola staying an engaged girl and about Boys weekly visits to do some heavy petting with Leola. It also talks about Boys experience with gay girls who were experts in French kisses. This part of the passage as explained very thoroughly. Foreshadowing, which is present in this section. The narrator talks about this so in detail because later on in the passage he mentions that Leola had once thought she loved him, meaning the narrator could be the lucky man not Boy. It also foreshadows that the narrator wants to find some other girl like Leola, so he can share with her what he had with Diana. This extract ends with an allegory, the narrator realizes that what Boy has he doesnt really want but he wants a girl to love and that loves him. He knew Diana would try to make him something he was not but that did not stop [him], often and painfully, Hahn 5 from wanting her. He rejects the fact that he wants what Boy has all along yet what he really wants is a girl like Leola or Diana. This passage can be very deceiving at first sight, it seems as if it is about the narrator having a struggle between himself and comparing himself to Boy who seems to have everything but he doesnt want any of it. Yet underneath all this allusion it can be observed that the narrator really wants a girl and someone to love him. He also doesnt think Boy has earned everything he has since he hasnt been disfigured like the narrator has. I think this is a very powerful passage, of course I cant relate to it since I dont know how it feels to be so disfigured. Yet I do know how it feels to love someone and be with him or her all the time and then all of a sudden lose them. This was the worst feeling I have ever had, and that feeling combined with a disfigured body must be terrifying. Also seeing Boy who hasnt been injured in the war and has a woman like the narrator wants, using her simply as an object of lust. I believe the narrator couldnt experience more pain at moment. He has experienced pain, jealousy and envy as thoroughly as anyone will ever experience these feelings.

Electron Domain Definition and VSEPR Theory

Electron Domain Definition and VSEPR Theory In chemistry, the electron domain refers to the number of lone pairs or bond locations around a particular atom in a molecule. Electron domains may also be called electron groups.  Bond location is independent of whether the bond is a single, double, or triple bond. Key Takeaways: Electron Domain An atoms electron domain is the number of lone pairs or chemical bond locations that surround it. It represents the number of locations expected to contain electrons.By knowing the electron domain of each atom in a molecule, you can predict its geometry. This is because electrons distribute around an atom to minimize repulsion with one another.Electron repulsion is not the only factor that affects molecular geometry. Electrons are attracted to positively charged nuclei. The nuclei, in turn, repel each other. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory Imagine tying two balloons together at the ends. The balloons automatically repel one another. Add a third balloon, and the same thing happens so that the tied ends form an equilateral triangle. Add a fourth balloon, and the tied ends reorient themselves into a tetrahedral shape. The same phenomenon occurs with electrons. Electrons repel one another, so when they are placed near one another, they automatically organize themselves into a shape that minimizes repulsions among them. This phenomenon is described as VSEPR, or Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion. Electron domain is used in VSEPR theory to determine the molecular geometry of a molecule. The convention is to indicate the number of bonding electron pairs by the capital letter X, the number of lone electron pairs by the capital letter E, and the capital letter A for the central atom of the molecule (AXnEm). When predicting molecular geometry, keep in mind the electrons generally try to maximize distance from each other but they are influenced by other forces, such as the proximity and size of a positively-charged nucleus. For example, CO2 has two electron domains around the central carbon atom. Each double bond counts as one electron domain. Relating Electron Domains to Molecular Shape The number of electron domains indicates the number of places you can expect to find electrons around a central atom. This, in turn, relates to the expected geometry of a molecule. When the electron domain arrangement is used to describe around the central atom of a molecule, it may be called the molecules electron domain geometry. The arrangement of atoms in space is the molecular geometry. Examples of molecules, their electron domain geometry, and molecular geometry include: AX2 - The two-electron domain structure produces a linear molecule with electron groups 180 degrees apart. An example of a molecule with this geometry is CH2CCH2, which has two H2C-C bonds forming a 180-degree angle. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is another linear molecule, consisting of two O-C bonds that are 180 degrees apart.AX2E and AX2E2 - If there are two electron domains and one or two  lone electron pair, the molecule can have a bent geometry. Lone electron pairs make a major contribution to the shape of a molecule. If there is one lone pair, the result is a trigonal planar shape, while two lone pairs produce a tetrahedral shape.AX3 - The three electron domain system describes a trigonal planar geometry of a molecule where four atoms are arranged to form triangles with respect to each other. The angles add up to 360 degrees. An example of a molecule with this configuration is boron trifluoride (BF3), which has three F-B bonds, each forming 120-degree angles. Using Electron Domains to Find Molecular Geometry To predict the molecular geometry using the VSEPR model: Sketch the Lewis structure of the ion or molecule.Arrange the electron domains around the central atom to minimize repulsion.Count the total number of electron domains.Use the angular arrangement of the chemical bonds between the atoms to determine the molecular geometry. Keep in mind, multiple bonds (i.e., double bonds, triple bonds) count as one electron domain. In other words, a double bond is one domain, not two. Sources Jolly, William L. Modern Inorganic Chemistry. McGraw-Hill College, June 1, 1984. Petrucci, Ralph H. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications.  F. Geoffrey Herring, Jeffry D. Madura, et al., 11th Edition, Pearson, February 29, 2016.

Regulated Power Supply Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Regulated Power Supply - Coursework Example So what is a power supply? In the days before complicated ICs and complicated digital electronics, a simple power supply was composed of a transformer and a rectifier circuit. The transformer is where alternating current or AC voltage enters. AC voltage comes from the normal voltage from the electrical outlet at home. It carries with it alternating current and has to be transformed and rectified into direct current (DC) so that it can power up the electrical appliance. It has an input and an output. The output is the desired DC voltage for an electronic circuit which depends whether it is 6 volts or 12 volts or even higher. Since it is the heart and that it supplies the main lifeblood of an electronic system, it is easy to locate, and if one has become acquainted with it, easy to troubleshoot and repair. That is easy said than done, but in any electronic troubleshooting mastery of the block- and schematic diagrams and every detail of the circuitry will ensure a troubleshooting succes s. For electronic technicians and engineers, pinpointing the location of the power supply is as easy as troubleshooting itself. 1.1 Definition of terms 1.1.1 Transformer – A transformer is a devised used to transform voltages or current; the transformation is from higher voltage to smaller voltage (step-down transformer), or from smaller voltage to higher voltage (step-up voltage). Most electronic circuits in appliances and gadgets use step-down transformers. For example, if the power supply in our home is 220 volts or 110 volts, we are going to use a step down-transformer to transformer the higher voltage and current to 6 volts, 9 volts, or 12 volts, as the case maybe. 1.1.2 Alternating Current/Direct current (AC/DC) – The current that enters a transformer is known as alternating current (AC). This is a static current which do not respond to the needed direct current of an electronic circuit. Therefore, the AC current has to be transformed into a DC or direct current. The AC voltage/current comes from the utilities company that supplies our electrical needs at home. First, we have to compare the different types of current and be able to name the parts in it. As mentioned, there are two types of current – the alternating current and the direct current. The alternating current is not regulated – the sine waves are alternating, and this has to be rectified using a diode or diodes, with a capacitor and other filtering components, so that the circuit can produce an output of a DC current. After we have transformed the AC to DC, then we still have to regulate it to match the needed voltage and current that a particular electronic circuit needs. In our high-tech world nowadays, designs have eliminated the transformer and other analog circuits; instead, integrated (IC) circuits have replaced many of the components. 1.1.3 Rectifier Circuit A rectifier is a diode or a circuitry of diodes that transforms alternating current into direct curren t. In a simple rectifier circuit, a diode is coupled with a filter capacitor and load resister to complete the rectification process. This produces a half-wave and does not completely provide full rectification. 1.1.4 Regulator A regulator can be a transistor or an integrated circuit (IC). The purpose of a regulator is to provide a steady DC output. A well-regulated DC is needed in circuits to produce the needed output or purpose of that

The most common factors causing therapeutic compliance Research Paper

The most common factors causing therapeutic compliance - Research Paper Example The study problem is a discussion of therapeutic compliance among patients. This means that the research has to do with pharmaceutical issues. Coincidentally, all four researchers have professions relating to pharmacology. With a research problem that relates to the professional background of the researchers therefore, it was highly expected that the researchers would display personal pre-understandings of the research problem. Reading through the research article however, it can be seen that almost all ideas, findings and philosophical analysis presented in the research work were taken from secondary sources without any prelude to researchers’ existing knowledge or experience. The researchers worked around three major pharmaceutical terms, which were treatment refusal, patient compliance, and patient dropouts. All these are terms that relates to everyday patient-pharmacists interactions. It was expected therefore that the researchers would give broader overview of their perso nal understandings and previous experiences as practicing professional in this regard but this did not happen. Generally, the quality of the literature review will be said to be outstanding. The general approach adapted by the researchers was to conduct research searches to come out with expected results on factors leading to the achievement of the research purpose. In this regard, it was expected that the researchers would conduct a thoroughly researched literature review. On the whole, â€Å"a total of 102 articles was retrieved and used in the review from the 2095 articles identified by the literature review process† (Jin, Sklar, Oh and Li, 2008). A critical assessment of the 102 articles that were eventually selected and used by the researchers show that most of the articles were not more than a decade old. Some of these include Benner et al 2002, Apter et al 2003, Opolka et al 2003, Spikmans et al 2003, Butterworth et al 2004, Kaplan et al 2004, Dominick et al 2005, Horn e and Weinman 1999, Ghods and Nasrollahzadeh 2003 and Senior et al 2004. With such current literature works, the researchers were sure to have an updated portfolio of information to work with. In pharmaceutical circles, research on drugs and patient behavior keep changing by the day. For this reason, when

Public Safety Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Public Safety Management - Research Paper Example In eliminating these problems and heightening the performance of the public safety department, a leader needs to move back and forth between the four styles identified by Hersey & Blanchard in their situational leadership model. A leader capacity to offer support for the workers depends on his or her capacity to offer a motivating environment. In this context, employees should receive support and coaching needed to carry out their tasks, this would build morale among the workers. This hands-off approach employed by a situational leader with committed and highly skilled workers can motivate the workers to work at their full capacity. A situational leader offers a supportive work environment to workers of every skill level. Employing this leadership approach can increase workers morale, and create a productive working environment. The basic assumption of situational leadership is that leaders have to adjust their style to the maturity of the follower depending on the readiness and will ingness to carry out the required duties (Mackay, 2007). There exist four styles of leadership that accompany the four combinations of low/high willingness and readiness. The four styles suggest that leaders should put less or greater attention on the task (task orientation) in question and/or the relationship between the follower and the leader (relationship orientation). The leader efficacy in this case would result from employing a behavioral style that is fitting to the environmental demands to increase morale, lessen or diminish hostility and discrimination, and reduce or diminish ill treatment of minority groups. According to the situation leadership framework, the leader’s effectiveness would result from employing a behavioral style that is fitting to the work... The paper tells that the type of budget management approach suitable for this case is the participative or bottom up approach. In the participative approach, employees are normally more readily to accept the budget, morale is also improved, and the budget input is offered by numerous persons. The budget process is normally initiated by the top management using general budget guideline, nonetheless, it is the lower level personnel’ that drive the budget development for their particular units. Connecting the budget to the entire corporate strategy as represented by numerous key business drivers would also be an advantageous budget. In using the linking approach, it is much more complex for leaders to twist the budget as they wish because this clearly weakens the organizational strategy. When all the available funds are allocated into the targeted activities, it becomes clear when someone tries to redirect funds into the development of unnecessary areas. Incorporating business dr ivers into the budget also tends to decrease the duration needed to complete the budget as less time is spent on budgeting minutia and political battles. The personnel issues relating to promotions and race relations would be addressed by barrier-elimination measures to get rid of or change discriminatory practices against the minority groups, and also positive or special measures, which can eliminate the residue for past discrimination especially for the minority group.

Literature Review on Pricing Strategies and Theories

Literature Review on Pricing Strategies and Theories Abstract: This purpose of this research is to study how the organization decides the price for the products. As price is considered has a very high sensitive factor of an organisation. In this study we are going to see the role of Pricing, different methods of pricing and effects of pricing on organisation and consumer behaviour. The pricing is explained with literature review followed by critical evaluation and ends with solution with valid recommendation. Introduction: Customers and determination of price is necessary for every organization. As this both customers and price have a high relation to the demand for products. Even there is a small increase in price levels it will highly affect the demand for the product and the organization profit. The price determines what products/services could be produced and in what quantities. Secondly it determines how to produce and finally whom to produce. There organization should be cautious while altering the price for the goods and services by changing the quantity, quality and by providing premiums or discounts, acceptable form. When there is raise in demand for service will led to increase in prices, which in terms led to concern of public or governmental activity. There are different ways in which the price of the products is determined. These are the foremost strategies that business use like Competition based pricing, Cost-plus pricing, Creaming or skimming, limit pricing, Loss leader, Market-oriented pricing, Penetration pricing, Price discrimination, Premium pricing, Predatory pricing, Contribution margin-based pricing, Psychological pricing, Dynamic pricing, Price leadership, Target pricing, Absorption pricing and Marginal-cost pricing. As their name it explains the method of pricing. Methods: Pricing was considered has a process towards achievement and to face the competitors of business. So that organisation thinks effects of pricing should be the targeted on returns. What method of pricing to be adopted. Whether adopted pricing would attract the customer and maximize the profit of business. Determination of price requires the organisation fully focused on the markets. These strategies should be considered while determining the price for the product. Aims Objectives: The aim of this research is to investigate; whether CRM supports the Marketing Strategies of an Organization. To conduct the literature review on Pricing Strategies To evaluate the methods of pricing theories To analyse the effects of pricing on returns. Literature Review: Customers are important for every organization. Numerous researches had been conducted for determining the method of pricing, which is explained in Literature review, has normally segregated in two divisions. First division will explain about a pervasive context about the, pricing and methods of pricing. The second part of this assessment deals with the previous related studies. Price is a highly sensitive factor of an organization. The standard economic analysis of pricing is based on the customers desire for the product its usually depends up on the income of the customer and other factors like ethnic origin. There are some consumers may pay high prices, while others willing to pay only lower prices. Instead of charging same price to all, the organization decided to charge different price for different customers as it will increase the business profit. This method of pricing is known as price differentiation. In earlier days sellers of perishable goods would sell the old products at low price instead of dumping or taking back home. If the price of competitor product was reduced it is necessary to reduce the price of the product, as it could create loss of customer and market. The pricing based on the competitors is competitive based pricing. The simplest method of pricing is cost-plus pricing. It just calculates cost of producing the product and adds on a percentage of profit to that price. Sacrificing high sales for gaining higher profit. Low volumes at high price. This is suitable for products that have short life cycles. It skims the profit from the market. It is known as market skimming. A monopolist set limit price to discourage others entry in to the market. Limit pricing is illegal in many countries. Loss Leader pricing strategy was illegal under EU and US. They sell the product below the cost, so the loss appears as public interest. It is similar to predatory pricing. Some business set their prices based on the analysis and compiled from the target ed market. This is known as Market-Oriented pricing. The organization set different price for the same product In the different segments to the market. This method is called Price discrimination Psychological pricing strategy the price is designed on the positive psychological impact on customers. For example, price of the product at  £3.95 or  £3.99, rather than  £4. Price leadership is an observation that usually one company would be the dominant competitor among several other companies. They will follow that soon. Target pricing strategy is calculated to produce a particular rate of return on investment for a specific volume of production. It is often used by public utilities and companies with high capital investment. These methods of pricing all the cost incurred are recovered. This is a form of cost-plus pricing. The practice of setting the price of a product to equal the extra cost of producing and an extra unit of output is marginal-cost pricing. The impact of price e lasticity should be considered while deciding the price. The degree of price elasticity focuses on the proportionate changes. The percent of change in price would be something less than the fall in sales is inelastic price. In case of price elastic the percent of change in quantity demanded greater than change in price. Slow inflation rates from other countries economies have led to the need for new approaches of pricing strategies. Five factors to be considered on determining the price are Demand, cost, competitive factors, corporate profit and market objectives and regulatory constraints. Previous Related Study:- Combivir and Trizivir case study â€Å"Some of the more dominant groups with observe to pricing in the HIV market are patient advocacy groups. Distinct patients on other condition, save probably cancer, HIV/AIDS patients are predominantly mobilized and oral when it arrives to treatment. This had guided to the growth of a widespread expanded admittance programs for products in development, and then patient assistance programs for new, costly products. Companies are well aware of the benefits of maintaining a positive relationship with the patient base. Combivir was launched essentially the same price as the some of the components. This not only replicates GSKs desire to make new treatments accessible to patients at a reasonable price, but also that mixture therapy was flattering more widespread and that physicians did not need a discounted price to justify recommendation. However, clearly single-agent therapy is still commonly used, as lamivudine unit sales (not including combinations) continue to be greater than Combivir unit sales. Only around the end of 2002 do lamivudine unit sales begin to decrease. Trizivir was also priced similarly at the some of its components prices, indicating the companys aspiration to keep it available to treatment for immature patients. GSK held Combivirs price the same in most markets when Trizivir was launched. The intension was not to have Trizivir cannibalize Combivir patients. Combivir still had a low price relative to Trizivir which would continue to make it attractive to many physicians. Sales of Trizivir quickly slowed as a result of clinical results showing that the three drugs used in the fixed-dose combination were not as effective as other three product combinations. Combivir has not had similar clinical setbacks and has continued to enjoy strong, but flat, sales.†( Combivir and Trizivir case studies) In this case study Combivirz has adopted the market oriented pricing method and penetration pricing hence it can be able to survive in the market after the tough competition with Trirzivir. Determination of price is considered as important to survive in the market and to gain consumer interest. Borden Company vs. Federal Trade Commission In 1958 the FTC issued a complaint against Borden Company for selling the same products to different customers at a different price and ceased price discrimination on goods. Tom Nagle, Reed Holden, Kent Monroe, Eric Mitchell had trail the price leadership and companies following these ideas but when it is tested with the scientific methods invented like hypothesis does not fetch the expected results. Michael V.Marn, Eric V. Roegner and Craig C.Zawada has analyzed about price wars in the book The Price Advantage explains how to react for the change in price of competitors. They said that make the customers focused on the benefits, do not over spend on advertising, gaining the market share rapidly from one or two competitors. Rapid changes in the market almost set the price war. Do not react until you understand the reason for price cut of competitor. If you dont understand the well delay your response until you understands the facts. Do not react with lower price as it affects the organization. They suggest when there is need in change of price it is necessary to analyze the consequences as it could affect the market and over all organization. â€Å"Thomas Nagle and Reed Holden outline 9 laws or factors that affect buyers price compassion with respect to a given purchase in the book The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing. o Reference Price Effect Buyers price sensitivity for a given product rises the elevated products price relative to apparent alternatives. Perceived alternatives can vary by buyer segment, by occasion, and other factors. o Difficult Comparison Effect Customers are less sensitive to the price of a known / more reliable product so they would have complexity of comparing it to possible alternatives. o Switching Costs Effect The higher product-specific on investment a buyer must make to switch suppliers, the less price responsive that buyer is when decide between substitutes. o Price-Quality Effect customers are less sensitive to price they think higher prices seems higher quality. Products for which this result is particularly relevant. o Expenditure Effect Buyers are more prices sensitive as soon as the expense accounts for a large percentage of buyers obtainable income or budget. o End-Benefit Effect The effect refers to the relationship a given purchase has to a larger overall benefit, and is separated into two parts: Derived demand: The more responsive buyers are to the price of the end benefit, the more responsive they could be to the prices of those products that contribute to that benefit. Price proportion cost: The price amount of cost refers to the percent of the total cost of the end benefit accounted for by a given element that helps to produce the end benefit (e.g., think CPU and PCs). The lesser the given components portion of the total cost of the end benefit, the less sensitive buyers will be to the components price. o Shared-cost Effect The smaller the portion of the purchase price buyers must pay for themselves, the less price sensitive they will be. o Fairness Effect Buyers are more sensitive to the price of a product when the price is outside the range they perceive as â€Å"fair† or â€Å"reasonable† given the purchase context. o The Framing Effect Buyers are more price sensitive when they perceive the price as a loss rather than a forgone gain, and they have greater price sensitivity when the price is paid separately rather than as part of a bundle. Critical Evaluation: The research conducted on the supermarkets the Cost effects all the other coefficients are important and reliable with well-mannered approximate reproduction, representative to contributing extra services produce extra costs bear by the supermarket chains. The approximate limitation for the long-run charge components designate that 0.15% and 0.21% (respectively) of the extra long-run cost for effective food and non-food services is owed to milk sales, while the amount of the additional cost of operating a store that is 1,000 square feet /larger owed to milk sales is 0.13%. Also, although the additional long-run cost module does not collision the short-run marginal cost, at the model averages, for each gallon of milk sold the long-run marginal cost of services is approximate equal to $0.0216 for the in-store services model and $0.0158 for the store-size model. Overall, the results confirm Ellicksons (2006) finding that retailers provide Quality with an augment in fixed costs, followin g Shaked and Suttons (1987) endogenous cost model.( Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management) The estimated marginal collision of retail services on milk prices (at the sample averages). Affects milk prices positively, in constancy with preceding answer (Cotterill 1999; Bonanno and Lopez 2004). spotlight on the in-store services model results first, food services show a marginal price-increasing effect roughly one-third that of non-food services. While the consequence of non-food services on milk prices is mainly due to marginal cost changes, the effect of food services is mainly due to market power. It should be noted that there are considerable economies of scope produce by increases in food services.( Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management) A limitation of the analysis offered in this article includes dependence on strong supposition based on the nature of supermarket competition. Prospect research might expand the analysis by comforting the short-run monopoly postulation to unscramble the communications between strategic pricing and service provision. Another noticeable limitation is the use of burly functional forms used for the demand and cost functions. The use of more elastic functional forms, although hard to apply with the available data. ( Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management) First, the study was limited to one service setting and one customer segment. Additionally study transversely other services that apply revenue management and other customer segments is needed to institute the simplify aptitude of our conclusion. Secondly, the data used in the revise were obtained from an existing survey database. Research using review instruments specially intended for a field study should also be carry out to determine the robustness of the results. Finally, the study did not, nor was it planned to; detain all of the qualifications of revisit meaning. In particular, there may be extra factors power the relationship between price and customers return intentions. An attractive research area to believe is role of customer discernment of value in the price-return intentions relationship. The effect of affective commitment on the price-return intentions relationship also merits examination. (Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management Vol. 7, 4 357-369) the steps needed to appropriately implement the strategies: breaking down pricing decisions by region or by customer segment; constructing result on rigid data filter during complex software; basing optimal prices on inventory positions, offering manufacture capacity, demand predictions and aggressive market conditions; and creating â€Å"sense and respond† mechanisms that allow them to test often and react fast. Conclusion: The pricing strategy is considered as the success factors for the organization. Now we know the consequences of pricing decision are likely to have on customers purchasing behaviours—and on financial performance, regionally or globally, short term and long term. They could plan more assertively for the potential on more calculated risks and creation of fewer guesses. Finally, effective pricing is the most excellent way to make the major difference in earnings while conserving unit sales and market share. It is, in effect, the last major step on the path to high performance. References: †¢ The price is right . . . isnt it? Greg Cudahy and George L. Coleman †¢ Competition effects of supermarket services Alessandro Bonnanno and Rigoberto A.Lopez †¢ The effect of price on return intentions:Do satisfaction and reward programme membership matter? Breffni M. Noonen and Daniel J. Mount 2008 Palgrave Macmillan, 1476-6930 Vol. 7, 4 357-369 Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management †¢ The price advantage By Michael V. Marn, Eric V. Roegner, Craig C. Zawada †¢ Pricing on purpose: creating and capturing value By Ronald J. Baker

The Like Minds of Emerson and Douglass Essay -- Biography Biographies

The Like Minds of Emerson and Douglass      Ã‚   Few, if any, writers of the American Renaissance period had as great an influence on contemporaries as did Ralph Waldo Emerson. He was insistent that America put its mark on the literary world with its own, genuine American literature, and he launched the movement with his own works (Bode 574). Frederick Douglass was a slave of the American south when Emerson was starting out and moving up in his profession. Eventually, Douglass became Emersonà ¢s fellow writer and lecturer. Douglass was present and was asked to speak for the Womenà ¢s Anti-Slavery Society in August 1844, in Concord, where Emerson was the keynote speaker. The two men shared common ideas, as we shall see as the literary works and lives of the two men are examined. To some extent Emerson had an influence on Douglassà ¢s expressed views, but on the other hand, some of Douglassà ¢s views were a product of his own natural inclination.    Emerson believed that the human spirit could be relied on to lift man up to overcome any tribulation that might be encountered (Bode 574). Douglass inadvertantly proved Emerson right when he lifted himself out of the dehumanizing bondage of slavery through his sheer will of human spirit. Douglass went on to become a hero of the slave movement after he gained his freedom.    Emerson "believed in a reality and a knowledge that transcended the everyday reality ·" He also felt strongly that individuals should trust fully in the integrity of self (Bode 573). There is a correspondence between this "self-made" man of Emersonà ¢s and Frederick Douglass. During the course of Douglassà ¢s career, his actions and words epitomized Emersonian ideas.    The issue of abolishment of slavery d... ...ce, exemplary character, and social inspiration" (Martin 263).    Works Cited    Belasco, Susan. Harriet Martineauà ¢s Black Hero and the American Antislavery Movement. Nineteenth-Century Literature, Vol II. University of California Press, 2000. 1-23. Bode, Carl. Emerson. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography Vol III. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1973. 572-574. Frederick Douglass 1818-1895. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston: Houghton, 1998. 1578-1690. Martin, Waldo E., Jr. The Mind of Frederick Douglass. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985. Ralph Waldo Emerson 1803-1882. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston: Houghton, 1998. 1578-1690. Rowe, John Carlos. At Emersonà ¢s Tomb: The Politics of Classic American Literature. New York: Columbia UP, 1997.   

Unit 2 Cache Level 2 Coursework

Shalini Karsan 10/680 846 Unit 2- The developing child. D1- Describe the expected stage of social development of the children aged 4 years. The child at 4 years will start to develop a knowledge about different genders e. g. females and males. They can make friends, and they are also interested in having them. This age group, should know how negotiate, and to give and take objects.D2- Describe the expected stage of social development of the children aged 5 years. They can help and take responsibility of other children, for example helping them out in the setting. Most 5 year old children like working in groups, with others as this will let them interact amongst each other. At this age friends are important, they are independent. When playing games in the setting they can understand the rules of the game. D3- Describe one suitable method of observing and recording the social development of children aged 5 years.The suitable method of observing children at the age of 5 years, at the s ocial development stage, is to record it by a narrative observation. It can be used to record social development. A narrative ‘observation is a detailed account of everything that you see the child doing’ (Thornes. N, 2009) When doing observations in the setting, the child’s name should not be included because of confidentiality. The children should be named as ‘A’ and ‘B’ instead of the name. ‘You should record the date you made your observation. ’(Thornes.N, 2009) D4- Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of this method of observing children. The advantages of this observation are so that practitioners understand the child as individuals, and their likes and dislikes. They can collect relevant information about the children or child. They can also know what development stage the child at. The disadvantage of this observation is that it could interfere with confidentiality. The teachers may not want this information to be observed, as it can be passed around to other people.D5- Identify the main influences that may affect the social development of children. Children’s social development can be affected by negative influences such as, speech and language, money problems, English as a second language, violence abuse, disability, family break ups, and moving house. It can also be affected by positive influences such as children making new friends in their new setting, they have started. D6- Describe how snack and mealtimes can support the social development of children.Snack and mealtimes can support social development by the children washing their hands before eating their snack in the setting, or meal in their home; they can talk amongst each other, and the teacher’s this will allow the children to socialise freely. They can be taught how to share and wait for their turns to take their meal or snack, they can serve themselves at the table, this will give them a choice to pick what th ey would like to eat. Table manners can be involved because it teaches the child to do things independently. D7- Show an understanding of diversity and inclusive practice.As a practitioner we should encourage a child to explore. Practitioners can show an understanding of diversity and inclusive practice, by mixing all the genders together when the children are doing their activity. All children should be treated equally, despite of their ethnicity, ability, religion and needs. ‘A stereotype is a fixed image of a group of people’ (Tassoni. P 2007). Stereotyping, should not be shown, as children may get the wrong idea of the opposite sex. Children with (SEN) Special Education Needs will need extra support in the activities, played in the setting.

Free Essays on Heart Of Darkness Symbolism

Expressions of symbolism throughout Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness have a significant impact on the depth and insight of the novel. Conrad’s use of contrast between images of light and darkness, and his use of characters and inanimate objects as symbols of European imperialism give the story a greater and deeper meaning than first observed by the reader. The use of characters such as Mr. Kurtz and the manager, to the many symbols of the novel help express the dark side of European imperialism and the innocence of the people of the Congo. Using Marlow’s narration, the novel begins with the Nellie floating down the River Thames with Marlow and company on board. As Marlow’s story travels to the Congo images of darkness throughout his dialogue become more evident and abundant. The Congo, Mr. Kurtz, and the ignorance of the Europeans towards another cultural group are all symbolized by images of darkness. However, opposing the darkness theme, images of light symbolize London, civilization, and the innocence of the people of the Congo. Marlow, interestingly, describes the white Europeans as having black souls, suggesting an evil nature within, while the â€Å"black† natives are described as having white souls, making them appear the more pure and innocent of the two cultures. One example of symbolism using the imagery of light and darkness occurs when Marlow notices a young native boy with a rope of white cotton around his neck. The rope symbolizes the strangling effect caused by the Europeanâ€⠄¢s attempting to control and then gain advantage over the innocent people of the Congo, the child representing their innocence. Upon his arrival to the Inner Station, Marlow meets the manager. A self-centered and arrogant man, the manager is the epitome of the negative effects of imperialism. He operates a disorganized and dire station, interested only in obtaining vast amounts of ivory for his own economic advantage rather than colon... Free Essays on Heart Of Darkness Symbolism Free Essays on Heart Of Darkness Symbolism Expressions of symbolism throughout Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness have a significant impact on the depth and insight of the novel. Conrad’s use of contrast between images of light and darkness, and his use of characters and inanimate objects as symbols of European imperialism give the story a greater and deeper meaning than first observed by the reader. The use of characters such as Mr. Kurtz and the manager, to the many symbols of the novel help express the dark side of European imperialism and the innocence of the people of the Congo. Using Marlow’s narration, the novel begins with the Nellie floating down the River Thames with Marlow and company on board. As Marlow’s story travels to the Congo images of darkness throughout his dialogue become more evident and abundant. The Congo, Mr. Kurtz, and the ignorance of the Europeans towards another cultural group are all symbolized by images of darkness. However, opposing the darkness theme, images of light symbolize London, civilization, and the innocence of the people of the Congo. Marlow, interestingly, describes the white Europeans as having black souls, suggesting an evil nature within, while the â€Å"black† natives are described as having white souls, making them appear the more pure and innocent of the two cultures. One example of symbolism using the imagery of light and darkness occurs when Marlow notices a young native boy with a rope of white cotton around his neck. The rope symbolizes the strangling effect caused by the Europeanâ€⠄¢s attempting to control and then gain advantage over the innocent people of the Congo, the child representing their innocence. Upon his arrival to the Inner Station, Marlow meets the manager. A self-centered and arrogant man, the manager is the epitome of the negative effects of imperialism. He operates a disorganized and dire station, interested only in obtaining vast amounts of ivory for his own economic advantage rather than colon...

Summer Law School Reading List for 1Ls

Summer Law School Reading List for 1Ls If you enjoy reading and would like suggestions for legal-themed books before you begin your first year, you’ll find a summer law school reading list for 1Ls below. If you want to check out some other reading list suggestions, check out these lists from the ABA:   The  25 Greatest Law Novels Ever  and   30 Lawyers Pick 30 Books Every Lawyer Should Read.   Sometimes before law school it can be fun to get excited about the law. And what better way to do that then reading some quality fiction and non-fiction. This list wont necessarily make you an excellent law student, but it will get you excited about the law and also entertain you while you are relaxing over the summer.   But before we dive into the list of things to read this summer, a note on what not to read law school textbooks and supplements. Trust me, you will have plenty of time to read them in law school. I wouldnt worry about the substantive law during your pre-law summer. Instead, think about working on the skills needed to  make you the best law student you can be.   Legal Fiction   The Paper Chase  by John Jay Osborn Jr.  This book, which is also a well-known legal film, follows the story of James Heart who attends Harvard Law School. You will watch him struggle in class, study for exams and fall in love. (Little known fact, the author is now a law professor himself. I have taken his class and he is not as intimidating as Prof. Kingsfield in the book!) Billy Budd  by Herman MelvilleBilly Budd is about a sailor on a British Warship. But, when he is falsely accused of mutiny he strikes back, killing another person on the ship. He is tried at sea and the book takes you through the case.   To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper LeeOne of my favorite-all-time books. The book highlights Atticus Finch who is a lawyer that has inspired new lawyers and law students for generations. If you didnt read it in school, pick up a copy today (or watch the movie which is also excellent).   The Firm by John Grisham  Mitch McDeere is recruited as a high paid associate at a l aw firm, but he learns he is actually working for a crime family. If you would rather, you can also check out the movie. A Time to Kill  by John GrishamIf you are interested in the death penalty, you might enjoy this book. This is John Grishams first novel and many think his best. There is also a movie if you would rather have a movie night.   Presumed Innocent by  Scott TurowThis is Turows first novel about a prosecutor accused of murdering his colleague. There is political intrigue, legal maneuvering and a quality ending.   Defending Jacob  by William Landay  The author is a prosecutor-turned-novelist. He takes the transcript of a trial and turns it into a very riveting story (which is not an easy thing to do). I actually listened to it as a book-on-take during a road trip and I thought the story was excellent!   Non-Fiction   A Civil Action by Jonathan HarrThe book discusses a toxic tort case in Massachusetts and gives you a window into how this type of litigation works. You might have also seen the move about this case too. Becoming Justice Blackmun  by Linda GreenhouseThis book discusses the mysterious world of the Supreme Court.    One L by Scott TurowA well known account of a first year law student at Harvard Law. I will warn you, it might stress you out about your 1L experience. You have been warned (and really, 1L year isnt that bad).   Personal History by Katharine Graham  Not necessarily about the law, but if you are interested in the press and freedom of the press, you will be interested in the later chapters of this book.   My Beloved World by Sonia Sotomayor  This is a nice read about Justice Sotomayor of the United States Supreme Court. Her book is honest and interesting for those just beginning their law school   Mindset by Carol Dweck  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹This is a fantastic book that ha s nothing to do with law school, but also everything to do with law school. This book teaches you about two different mindsets. One that can really help you be successful in law school and one that will stand in your way of success. Which one will you choose?

Research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Research methods - Essay Example Burnout at work can happen for different reasons and in different circumstances. It usually takes place when people are giving too much at their workplace and receiving very little in return. The little return could be the absence of appreciations, rewards, and social interactions (Schaufeli and Enzmann, 1998) Research suggest that negative appraisals at work usually lead to a stage where employees start feeling burnout and suffer from the thought that they can’t give anymore to their jobs. The negative appraisals could be from managers as well as colleagues. Employees feel left out from rest of the workplace colleagues after such appraisal and feel let down.(Kohan and Mazmanian, 2003) One of the researches in human service sector expanding 5 years and including 2,391 employees from all parts of the professions found out some interesting facts about work burn out. The research found that there can be three types of work burnout; they are related to work, customer, and personal life. Some professions had work burnout due to office related workload and stress, others profession in which interaction with customers was direct and daily basis had customer related burnout, last but not the least; personal burnout happens in all professions of human service sector. The study also found some penalties as a result of burnout which included poor physical condition, low job satisfaction and non-attendance at job. These consequences ranged from emotional to physical damage depending on the situation. (Borritz et al., 2006) It is notable that the problems at workplace are not only caused by extra workload but also by less appreciation and low sense of accomplishment. This usually leads to mental problems, in many cases people quit their jobs or take early retirement in order to get their life back. (Keel, 1993) It was made clear in a research the emotional exhaustion is one of the key reasons why people feel burnout at jobs. Organizations fail to realize that

United States History, World War II through 1970s Essay

United States History, World War II through 1970s - Essay Example Nearly all continents of the world were involved in this war either direct or indirect. However, this war largely involved countries that had seen a rapid growth in their economy. The war involved two extreme sides, the allies, and the axis. The axes were the original inventor of this war while the axis joined this war to protect their interest, which was under threat from the axis. The United States was involved in this war at later stages. Initially, United States was hesitant to join the war due to its foreign policy (Willmott, H et al, 2009). America only joined this war when its interest was threatened in eastern Asia. The impacts of this war continue to be felt today. However, the impact was prominent in the period from 1945 to the 1970’s. This paper seeks to discuss the United States history after world war two through the 1970’s. There were major turning points that happened after world war two through the 1970’s. The war led to a significant assemblage o f American resources more than seen before in American history. Additionally, there was revival of major industries, and agricultural productivity improved significantly. America was able to overcome the challenges of the Great Depression that took place in the 1930’s and became one of the most powerful economies in the world. Then level of management of American economy improved greatly. Roosevelt administration focused on weapon manufacture rather than production of consumer goods. The War Production Board facilitated this level of production. Mostly, war weapons were produced such as tanks, airplanes, and tires meant for war. Major technological advances resulted due to the influence of World War II. The major historical turning points had impacts on America’s current society, economy, politics, and culture. They for a long time changed the spirit of America politically, socially, culturally, and of more importance economically. America during this period aim was to avoid war at all cost although it had military prowess. However, as various resources were mobilized at all levels, America economy grew tremendously. Consequently, America became one of the richest nations in the world and a major superpower (Willmott et al, 2009). Consumer good increased in the market at an alarming rate and hence America was able to conquer the world. Due to industrial expansion, America developed technologically and was able to land in space in the 1960’s (Willmott et al, 2009). America also developed complicated military weapons and this led it to be involved in military intervention in the world such as Vietnam War (Williams, 2004). In politics, various laws were put into place to allow for all people participation especially the women. Moreover, there was significant cultural transformation as America engaged in sports, music, and entertainment to show its prowess especially due to Cold War influence (Willmott et al, 2009). The rise of industries also led to constant migration of workers, and an increase in population in industrial areas. Americans had myriad reasons of not wanting to be engaged in European conflict that culminated in World War II in the late 1930’s. Initially, World War II did not affect America in any way. This led to lack of support of majority of the citizens. America entrance into the war gained public support after attack on Pearl Harbor (Williams, 2004). Additionally, America was recovering from the effects of depression that took place in 1930. Therefore, America did not want to involve itself with activities that would disrupt its economic growth. Furthermore, America wanted to protect the market for its industrial good. Europe provided a large base for its manufactured good, hence wanted to remain neutral (Williams, 2004). Women played

Analysis of a primary research article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis of a primary research - Article Example The null hypothesis for the second study is the diarrheal outbreak at a day care center was not caused by E. coli O145. In both studies, the independent variables were demographic and environmental characteristics in both settings while the dependent variable was the presence of either of the E. coli strain in stool samples. There was no multivariate analysis or standardization of variables in both studies. The first study is a case control study and the cases were defined as individuals with laboratory confirmed E. coli 0157:H7 or those with a clinically compatible diagnosis (Jay, Garrett and Mohle-Boetan). The cases were healthy individuals. The second study lacks defined cases and controls (Wahl, Vold and Lindstedt 7). The presence of E. coli in both studies was established by culture and typing and the units of measurement for the concentration of the organism were Colony-Forming Units per milliliter (CFU/ML). In both studies, statistics on laboratory diagnosis of the different E. coli strains were presented. Positive culture and typing results were used to support the hypothesis on the presence on an outbreak in both studies. The outbreaks were caused by the E. coli strains in the two studies. Based on the results of the two studies, the authors recommend routine surveillance in an effort to detect future outbreaks. Although no limitations were identified in the first study, the authors in the second study reported limitations in the study design and results. Another limitation in the second study was that the symptoms were self-reported; hence, the study was subject to variations between clinical data and what was reported (Wahl, Vold and Lindstedt 8-9). Wahl, Erik , et al. "Investigation of an Escherichia Coli O145 Outbreak In a Child Day-Care Center -Extensive Sampling and Characterization of eae- and stx1-Positive E. Coli Yields Epidemiological and Socioeconomic Insight." BMC Infectious Diseases 11.238 (2011):

Growing Up African American Essay Example for Free

Growing Up African American Essay I am a member of the African American group and I would like to tell you a bit about the group of when I am a part of. Let me start by saying that my African American group originated from Africa and growing up in America can be tough for people of my race, the African Americans. My group’s history is wide ranging spanning for many years and varying from region to region within the United States. I remember when I was young I use to talk to my mother a lot and asked her many questions like â€Å"Why am I called an African American? † She went on to explain that our race originally comes from Africa and we were part of a slave trade. From my mother I learned that we were slaves until a law was passed to give us freedom. I use to wonder when I was young if there were other people similar to me all over America. I also remember something my father told me once that African Americans live all over the country. My father told stories of how he used to go to an all black school could vote or sit in the front of buses. Being African Americans have faced several kinds of creation and consequence situations in the years they have been a part of the United States. In some places cheaper labor, longer work hours and terrible living conditions. Many people of the United States have made it almost impossible for groups of another race or Ethnicity to strive and live full happy lives. I have seen over the year’s situations of extermination in some parts, as well segregation, and expulsion. In school from some of my teachers, in social interactions like just walking through a store, and especially in the work place when they’ll even give me the chance to work because it doesn’t matter I go to get a job out here. There are some racist, even the Uncle Tom’s. I’ve done everything they ask and still I either get denied the job or they hire me and treat me like Growing up African American 3 trash until I quit, or they try to find a reason to get rid of me. Since, I don’t give them much reason to get rid of me due to my strong work ethic and performance; they usually try to break me down. Education plays an important role for most African Americans; however we are still way behind when compared to the White American which probably has a lot to do with the way some of us was brought up or our background. Regardless of the contributions made by the forefathers of black people, there is a hesitation of acceptance of the race that has been a focus of many groups the strive for freedom and justice for all, that has not yet been rectified. The same group of people was good enough to built the country is not always seen as good enough to live in the house next door. I believe because this country is made up of many different races and ethnic groups that are steadily growing in numbers. If different races are toco exist peacefully in the U. S. , it is vital that we all become educated on the history and culture of different races and ethnicities. According to the 2000 Census data for Lexington, MS the total population for 2000 were 2,025 male 965 and female 1,060 square miles 2. 45. Race: white (635); black or African American (1,362); American Indian and Alaska Native (1); Asian (13); and two or more races (14); and Hispanic or Latino (of any race) (40) (Fact finder Census 2000). Birthplace facts from the 2000 census data in Lexington born in the same state (1,706); born in another state (269); born outside the US (0); naturalized citizen (14); and foreign born, not US citizen (10). Some more 2000 census data in educational attainment population 25 and older was 1,206 in Lexington: high school graduates (299); some college, or associate’s degree (349); bachelor’s degree (111); and master’s, professional or doctorate degree (60). Some enrollment population 3 years and over Growing up African American 4 enrolled in school was 627: preschool and kindergarten (83); grades 1-12 (446); and college (98) (2000 census data). Growing up African American 5 References Factfinder Census 2000 Census data for Lexington, MS My mother and father.

Consensus and Conflict Theory in Society

Consensus and Conflict Theory in Society Marxism and Functionalism can certainly be defined as classical sociology and both have had a significant impact upon contemporary understanding of culture. Neither perspective is the preserve of a sole theorist. They are multifaceted and extensive in scope. Thus, due to the limits of this study, this essay shall concentrate on but a few of the theoretical points, namely consensus and conflict because, as I hope to prove, these provide and incredibly useful framework for the analysis of contemporary culture In Leviathan Thomas Hobbes notes that man in the state of nature is inexorably engaged in a war of all against all. Reason dictates that one’s life is, â€Å"Solitary, poor, nasty brutish and short,† (Hobbes in Parsons p90) where man’s interests conflict so greatly. How humanity solved this problem of conflict of interest, the creation of society, was the study of Emile Durkheim, the French sociologist who first developed the Functionalist perspective. â€Å"In his (Durkheim’s) criticism of the utilitarian (Hobbes) conception of contractual relations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦he insists that a vital part is played by a system of binding rules embodied in the institution of a contract.† (Parsons p376) The functionalist perspective was further advanced by Talcott Parsons. â€Å"The concept of order is located predominantly at the level of the social system itself and the cultural system becomes a mechanism of the functioning of the social system.† (Savage p146) The normative order, for Parsons, is the key ingredient that retains social order in society. Norms, which can be regarded as moral standards, regulate action and interaction. Norms are coercive, to break them invites sanctions from social estrangement to capital correction and punishment. Individuals are forced to cooperate and act in predictable ways, or face the consequences. Norms are external to individuals, laws and the like, but also internalised through socialisation, children’s schooling being a very important normative learning area. The normative order, that produces acquiescence in individuals to the order, Is the staple of Parson’s consensus theory. â€Å"Society therefore is a self equilib rating system: order is always maintained without major changes in society. In the end, the system functions.† (Jorgenson p285) A perfect example of how the system functions is Durkheim’s concept of Anomie in his study of suicide. Anomie is, â€Å"precisely the state of disorganisation where the holds of norms over individual conduct has broken down.† (Parsons p377) A possible outcome of this kind of break down is suicide. Norms so permeate society that personal equilibrium, individual’s thoughts and actions, is permeated too, as governed by norms as social interaction and law. â€Å"A persons will is constrained by the application of sanctions.† (Parsons p379) If an individual breaks one of the norms of society, then society will sanction them to discourage other such deviant behaviour through the threat of punishment. In the case of Durkheim’s suicide study, the sanction imposed when an individual commits suicide is the social stigma that then attaches itself to their family accompanied by the threat, in Christian countries for instance, of religious punishment burning in hell. In Erving Goffman‘s view of society, â€Å"The key factor is the maintenance of a single definition of the situation, this definition having to be expressed, and this expression sustained in the face of a multitude of potential disruption.† (Goffman p246) For Goffman actors meet on the field of interaction under a metaphorical flag of truce, working together to attempt the smoothest possible interaction with the best possible outcome for both sides. â€Å"The maintenance of this surface of agreement, this veneer of consensus, is facilitated by each participant concealing his own wants behind statements which assert values to which everyone present feels obliged to give lip service.† (Goffman p20-21) The definition of a given situation may well only be a veneer, a pretence, lies may be suspected even known but, as long as they are not revealed, then definition of the situation is maintained. Goffman’s language, the use of the word consensus, shows his theoretical links to the Functionalist perspective, in particular Parson’s consensus theory. The reason that lies may not be exposed is because it would be against a societal norm to do so. Thus norms regulate interaction providing a consensus. For Goffman the individual acts in different roles that are governed by norms, suppressing and sacrificing certain drives, needs or wants in order to maintain the definition of the situation, to maintain the consensus. As the definition of the situation allows individual acts of interaction to maintain cohesion and momentum, so the normative order governs those definitions, allowing the juggernaut of society to roll ever on. This classical thread, from Durkheim to Goffman via Parsons is incredibly important for the understanding of contemporary culture. That there is a normative order and how it regulates human action is critical for any understanding of society. The minitatude of Goffman’s analysis, explaining the exigencies of social interaction, the tiny details, has proved both popular and crucial in contemporary sociology. The Marxist tradition, starting with Karl Marx and Frederich Engels, has many issues with the functionalist consensus view of society. â€Å"The state is by no means a power imposed on society from without; just as little is it ‘the reality of the moral idea,’ ‘the image and the reality of reason.’† (Engels in Hechter p180) The Marxist tradition has many issues with what it considers a utopian explanation of power in social order. The state, the embodiment and, in many cases producer, of societal norms is felt to be the inevitable consequence of a society ripe with irreconcilable antagonisms largely manifesting in class conflict. â€Å"A power, apparently standing above society, has become necessary to moderate the conflict and keep it within the bounds of ‘order’.† (Engels in Hechter p180) This power, this normative order of the state is alienating and another tool for the ruling class to maintain its position of dominance over th e working classes. As with most Marxist theory, the power that maintains social order is not fostering cooperation but coercion. We have already seen that punitive punishment is meted out to norm breakers. Where Parsons sees this as a tool for society to remain cohesive and function relatively smoothly, Engels sees a repressive state apparatus designed to keep the proletariat in its place through sanctions. Where Functionalism describes consensus, Marxism defines conflict, class conflict. The normative order is ideology in all the very worst senses of the word. â€Å"A dominant power may legitimate itself by promoting beliefs and values congenial to it; naturalising and universalising such beliefs so as to render them self-evident and apparently inevitable.† (Easthope p5-6) Appearing as truth, immovable, certain, ideology controls the class conflict always in favour of the ruling class, the bourgeoisie. The most pertinent criticism of Functionalist theory by Marxism is that it explains the inequalities of the system as functional. That the proletariat are poor is for the good of the system, the society. Marxism refuses to accept this. The system is unfair and unequal because those in charge, through ideology, keep in that way, protecting their interests. â€Å"Children also learn the rules of good behaviour, i.e. the attitude that should be observed by every agent in the divisio n of labour, according to the job he is ‘destined for’: rules of morality, civic and professional conscience, which actually means rules of respect for the socio-technical division of labour and ultimately the rules of order established by class domination.† (Althusser p127) The Marxist tradition, and in particular the concepts of ideology, are hugely important to contemporary Feminist understandings of society. â€Å"The univocity of sex, the internal coherence of gender, and the binary framework for both sex and gender are considered throughout as regulatory fictions that consolidate and naturalise convergent power regimes of masculine and heterosexual oppression.† (Butler p44) The pervasive and domineering regimes in Marxism and Feminism are, essentially, controlled by the same rich and powerful men. The importance of feminist sociology in contemporary society is its understanding of, and explanation for, the universality of female subjugation. It is considered not enough that women are dominated by men because it is functional, for the best of the system. It is illogical to conclude, as the functionalist tradition can be accused, of assuming that it is functional to effectively marginalise the contribution of one half of the population of man kind. Just as it is illogical to assume that it is functional to marginalise the proletariat, who constitute a majority of humanity. The Marxist tradition, and the feminist, emphasise the conflict in society, along gender and class lines, and demand sociological attention be paid. Moreover they identify the place where much of this conflict occurs, the ideological order, the self same normative order that the functionalist tradition regards so highly. No sociological study of contemporary society would be worth attempting without some attempt to explain gender, class and other inequalities beyond the assumption that they are ‘for the best,’ of the system. In conclusion society continues. Always has and always will till humanity is extinguished. In no way could society continue without some form of consensus, some shared values or norms. To be without such rules we would exist in the state of nature, in anarchy and thus we would not exist for very long. Yet within those rules there is great scope for conflict. Functionalism, in its more ‘pure’ form of Durkheim and Parsons, and in the more unique observations of Goffman, help explain that consensus that is so essential to avoid anarchy. Marxism, the pure of Marx and Engels, the adaptation of Feminism, show how that consensus becomes corrupted and a tool for one section of society to dominate another. Society continues. With conflict and consensus. Contemporary society can not be understood without appreciating why and how conflict and consensus occur. Functionalism and Marxism both illuminate those aspects, both show how society continues. Bibliography Althusser, Louis, 1971. For Lenin Western printing services Ltd. Butler, Judith, 1999. Gender trouble. Routledge Easthope, Antony, 1991. Literary into cultural studies. Routledge Goffman, E, 1990. The presentation of the self in everyday life. Penguin Michael Hechter Theories of social order published by Stanford University press 2003 Nik Jorgenson Sociology an interactive approach Harper Collins 1997 Parsons, Talcott, 1937 The structure of social action. Free press. Stephen Savage The theories of Talcott parsons pub by Macmillan 1981